Binomial Coefficients: Estimation and Stirling's Formula

Introduces Cartesian product and induction for proofs using integers and sets.

Covers the Binomial Theorem, Pascal's Identity, and Pascal's Triangle in counting.

Explores the notions of transience and recurrence in Markov chains through various examples and calculations.

Explores elementary algebra concepts related to numeric sets and prime numbers, including unique factorization and properties.

Explores dynamic programming for efficient problem-solving, illustrated with binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle.