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An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies.
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually a freshwater stream, flowing on the surface or inside caves towards another waterbody at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, sea, bay, lake, wetland, or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground or becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to by names such as creek, brook, and rivulet. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities, a stream is defined by its size.
Surface roughness can be regarded as the quality of a surface of not being smooth and it is hence linked to human (haptic) perception of the surface texture. From a mathematical perspective it is related to the spatial variability structure of surfaces, and inherently it is a multiscale property. It has different interpretations and definitions depending from the disciplines considered. Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface finish (surface texture).
elements. In addition to a prismatic reference channel, 41 different configurations of rectangular bank cavities have been investigated. The purpose was to study the effect of large-scale bank roughne
Ultrasonic velocimetry based on the Doppler shift effect accurately provides quasi-instantaneous flow fields for fluids with a sufficiently high acoustic scattering level. However, ultrasonic velocity
The Gebidem Dam located on the Massa River intercepts annually around 400’000 m3 of solid material. These sediments must be evacuated by annual flushing of the reservoir over 4 to 7 days. A trend for