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In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus, a line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it - for example, the point at 5 on a number line. A surface, such as the boundary of a cylinder or sphere, has a dimension of two (2D) because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on it - for example, both a latitude and longitude are required to locate a point on the surface of a sphere.
In mathematics, particularly in algebra, the class of projective modules enlarges the class of free modules (that is, modules with basis vectors) over a ring, by keeping some of the main properties of free modules. Various equivalent characterizations of these modules appear below. Every free module is a projective module, but the converse fails to hold over some rings, such as Dedekind rings that are not principal ideal domains.
Let A be a commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension 3. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for A-projective modules of rank 2 to be free. Using this, we show that all the finitely gener
Let A be a d-dimensional smooth algebra over a perfect field of characteristic not 2. Let Um(n+1)(A)/En+1 (A) be the set of unimodular rows of length n + 1 up to elementary transformations. If n >= (d
Let A be a noetherian commutative Z[1/2]-algebra of Krull dimension d and let P be a projective A-module of rank d. We use derived Grothendieck-Witt groups and Euler classes to detect some obstruction