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Depending on the environmental conditions, concrete materials can come into contact with sulfate ions which are widely present in rivers, underground water, sewers, seawater and soil. Sulfates can rea
Beta-dicalcium silicate (beta-C2S), one of the main phases in Portland cement clinker, offers some promising overviews regarding CO2 and energy savings potential compared to alite. Understanding the c
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Degradation of cementitious materials by sulfate ions is commonly classified into chemical and physical sulfate attack. So-called "physical" attack dominates in many field situations, but laboratory t