Enhancement of near-IR emission by bromine substitution in lanthanide complexes with 2-carboxamide-8-hydroxyquinoline
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The lanthanide (ˈlænθənaɪd) or lanthanoid (ˈlænθənɔɪd) series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare-earth elements or rare-earth metals. The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide.
In chemistry, metal aquo complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand. These complexes are the predominant species in aqueous solutions of many metal salts, such as metal nitrates, sulfates, and perchlorates. They have the general stoichiometry . Their behavior underpins many aspects of environmental, biological, and industrial chemistry. This article focuses on complexes where water is the only ligand ("homoleptic aquo complexes"), but of course many complexes are known to consist of a mix of aquo and other ligands.
A metal ion in aqueous solution or aqua ion is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H2O)n]z+. The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li+ and Be2+ and 6 for most elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table. Lanthanide and actinide aqua ions have higher solvation numbers (often 8 to 9), with the highest known being 11 for Ac3+. The strength of the bonds between the metal ion and water molecules in the primary solvation shell increases with the electrical charge, z, on the metal ion and decreases as its ionic radius, r, increases.
The chemistry of divalent lanthanides has generated increasing interest in the past years due to their redox properties and unique reaction pathways. Notably, molecular complexes of low-valent lanthanides have been shown to be suitable one-electron reducta ...
Homoleptic acetonitrile complexes [Nd(CH3CN)(9)]Al(OC(CF3)(3))(4), [Dy(CH3CN)(9)]Al(OC(CF3)(3))(4), and [Tm(CH3CN)(8)]Al(OC(CF3)(3))(4) have been studied in anhydrous acetonitrile by 14N and 1H NMR relaxation. Solvent-exchange rate constants ...
Complexes of lanthanide (III) ions have been used in structural studies of biomolecules and as contrast agents (CA). Clinically approved CAs have only one water molecule in their first coordination sphere. Structure and water exchange rate of these complex ...
