Publication

Investigation into the coupling of quantum dots to photonic crystal nanocavities at telecommunication wavelengths

Laurent Balet
2009
EPFL thesis
Abstract

Recently, the emission of single photons with emission wavelength in the 1.3 µm telecommunication window was demonstrated for InAs quantum dots. This makes them strong candidates for applications such as quantum cryptography, and in a longer term, quantum computing. However, efficient extraction of the spontaneous emission from semiconductors still represents a major challenge due to total internal reflection at the semiconductor/air interface. In particular, single photon sources based on quantum dots are plagued by low extraction efficiency and poor coupling to single-mode fibers, typically on the order of 10-3 ~ 10-4, which prevents their application to quantum communication. To seek a solution to this problem, this thesis work explores the integration of quantum dots, with emission at 1.3 µm, in photonic crystal microcavities. Photons emitted in a mode of the cavity are funneled out of the semiconductor, and thus bypass the total internal reflection. In addition, the modified density of electromagnetic states in the cavity affects the emission lifetime of a weakly coupled emitter: in resonance, we assist to an increase of the emission rate, known as the Purcell effect, that would allow faster data transmission. Photonic crystal microcavities conveniently address this objective as they provide modes with the required small volumes and high quality factors. They also allow the engineering of the farfield pattern of the cavity modes, and thus of the collection efficiency. In the following pages, after brie y reviewing single photon emitters, the Purcell effect, and photonic crystal cavities, we present our results on the coupling of quantum dots to photonic crystal cavities. We report on the different strategies we used to control the tuning between the cavity mode and the quantum dot emission frequency. We also show our efforts in improving the collection of coupled photons by engineering the shape of the microcavity. Finally, we present our time-resolved measurements demonstrating the Purcell effect under optical and electrical operation.

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Related concepts (32)
Quantum cryptography
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical (i.e. non-quantum) communication.
Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous emission is the process in which a quantum mechanical system (such as a molecule, an atom or a subatomic particle) transits from an excited energy state to a lower energy state (e.g., its ground state) and emits a quantized amount of energy in the form of a photon. Spontaneous emission is ultimately responsible for most of the light we see all around us; it is so ubiquitous that there are many names given to what is essentially the same process.
Photon
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