Spiroplasma and host immunity: activation of humoral immune responses increases endosymbiont load and susceptibility to certain Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in Drosophila melanogaster
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Spiroplasma is a diverse bacterial clade that includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, including Spiroplasma poulsonii, a natural endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster. These bacteria persist in the hemolymph of their adult host and exh ...
A successful antimicrobial immune response involves the coordinate action of cells and soluble factors, with the cytokine family of type I interferons (IFNs) having a central role. Type I IFNs are not only crucial in conferring immediate antimicrobial, mos ...
The melanization reaction is a major immune response in Arthropods and involves the rapid synthesis of melanin at the site of infection and injury. A key enzyme in the melanization process is phenoloxidase (PO), which catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to ...
Recently, several studies done in Drosophila have revealed that efficient and rapid recovery from bacterial infection in the gut is possible only when bacterial clearance by the immune system is coordinated with repair through renewal of the epithelium dam ...
Pseudomonas entomophila is unique among Pseudomonas species in being able to activate a systemic immune response in both Drosophila larvae and adults. It has been subsequently shown that oral infections with high doses of this bacterium are highly pathogen ...
In arthropods, the melanization reaction consists in the rapid synthesis of melanin at the site of infection and injury. A key enzyme in the melanization process is phenoloxidase (PO), which catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones that subsequently ...
The Drosophila humoral innate immune response fights infection by producing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through the microbe-specific activation of the Toll or the Imd signaling pathway. Upon systemic infection, the production of AMPs is both positively a ...
Activation of most major innate immune signalling cascades relies on the detection of microorganisms or their associated danger signals by host pattern recognition molecules. A flurry of recent studies has now uncovered a role for host translation inhibiti ...
Typically, immune responses control the pathogen, while repair and stress pathways limit damage caused by pathogenesis. The relative contribution of damage to the outcome of pathogenesis and the mechanistic links between the immune and repair pathways are ...
The Drosophila antimicrobial response is one of the best characterized systems of pattern recognition receptor-mediated defense in metazoans. Drosophila senses Gram-negative bacteria via two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), membrane-bound PGRP-L ...
