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Purpose: Apoptosis is known to play a key role in cell death after retinal ischemia. However, little is known about the kinetics of the signaling pathways involved and their contribution to this process. The aim of this study was to determine whether chang ...
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a major regulation mechanism of fundamental biological processes, not only in eukaryotes but also in bacteria. A growing body of evidence suggests that Ser/Thr phosphorylation play important roles in the physiology and ...
The two metabolic sensors AMPK and SIRT1 take center stage as Fulco et al. reveal, in this issue of Developmental Cell, the signaling mechanism by which low glucose prevents the correct development of the myogenic program. These observations may hold some ...
In recent years a substantial body of evidence has accumulated to support the notion that signaling pathways known to be important during embryonic development play important roles in regulating self-renewing tissues. Moreover, the same pathways are often ...
In the brainstem auditory circuit of mammals and birds, excitatory synapses with extraordinarily large size have evolved, which ensure fast membrane potential signaling mediated by large, multiquantal excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The so-called ...
Reactive oxygen species, specifically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), activate signal transduction pathways during angiogenesis and therefore play an important role in physiol. development as well as various pathophysiologies. Herein, the authors utilize a near- ...
The mouse mammary gland is a complex tissue that proliferates and differentiates under the control of systemic hormones during puberty, pregnancy and lactation. Once a highly branched milk duct system has been established, during mid/late pregnancy, alveol ...
Bile acids (BAs), a group of structurally diverse molecules that are primarily synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, are the chief components of bile. Besides their well-established roles in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol homeostasis, it has ...
Embryogenesis depends on self-regulatory interactions between spatially separated signaling centers, but few of these are well understood. Limb development is regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal (e-m) feedback loops between sonic hedgehog (SHH) and fibrobl ...
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are ubiquitous in eukaryotic signal transduction, and these pathways are conserved in cells from yeast to mammals. Metabolic engineering of mammalian cells requires the redesign of the steady-sate and th ...
