Publication

Visual masking deficits in healthy and schizophrenic women

Michael Herzog, Maya Roinishvili
2013
Conference paper
Abstract

Schizophrenic patients have serious visual masking deficits which are likely related to the genetic underpinnings of the disease because also unaffected relatives of the patients show masking deficits. We presented a left/right offset vernier followed by an ISI and a masking grating. Observers indicated the offset direction. We determined the SOA (vernier duration plus ISI), to reach 75% correct responses. Analyzing a new sample, we found that patients (n=239) needed SOAs of 127.6ms, relatives (n=125) of 62.4ms, and controls (n=145) of 32.2ms. In addition, we analyzed the data for the groups separately for men and women. We found main effects of Group and Gender but no significant interaction. Female observers needed SOAs of about 15ms longer than the male observers in the control group, 25ms in the relatives group and 37ms in the schizophrenia group. For the control group, hence, females performed by a factor of nearly 2 worse than males. No gender effect was found for executive functions as measured with the WCST. It seems that both gender and the susceptibility for schizophrenia are independent main effects affecting spatio-temporal vision. Our results show that a proper gender balance is crucial in experiments where signal to noise ratio is low.

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Gender
Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender identity. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures (i.e. gender roles) and gender expression. Most cultures use a gender binary, in which gender is divided into two categories, and people are considered part of one or the other (boys/men and girls/women); those who are outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term non-binary.
Gender identity
Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity. Gender expression typically reflects a person's gender identity, but this is not always the case. While a person may express behaviors, attitudes, and appearances consistent with a particular gender role, such expression may not necessarily reflect their gender identity.
Gender role
A gender role, also known as a sex role, is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's sex. Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity, although there are exceptions and variations. The specifics regarding these gendered expectations may vary among cultures, while other characteristics may be common throughout a range of cultures.
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