Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Studies on the Solvation Energetics for H2 Storage in the CO2/HCOOH System

Solvents play a crucial role in many chemical reactions and additives can be used to shift the reaction equilibrium. Herein we study the enthalpy of mixing for selected solvents (aqueous, organic) and basic additives (amines, aqueous KOH) when mixed with formic acid with the aim to optimize hydrogen storage/delivery in the CO2/HCOOH system. Formic acid, resulting from carbon dioxide hydrogenation, reaches highest yields when effectively “removed” from the reaction equilibrium. In terms of energy efficiency, any heat release during CO2 hydrogenation has to be reinvested in the reverse reaction, during the production of hydrogen. In any scenario, the usage of basic chemicals, non innocent solvents causes higher energy release in the CO2 hydrogenation, which as to be reinvested in the hydrogen delivery process. Therefore, the enthalpy of mixing is a valuable parameter for designing hydrogen storage devices since it allows to estimate the energy balance for the CO2 hydrogenation/H2 liberation cycle. The highest formic acid concentrations in direct catalytic CO2 hydrogenation under acidic conditions were reached in DMSO. DMSO exhibits considerably stronger interactions with formic acid compared to water as was observed in calorimetric measurements. This difference can be ascribed, at least partly, to stronger hydrogen bonding of FA to DMSO than to water in the corresponding solutions, examined by a combination of IR spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies. Furthermore, the investigation of the DMSO/FA- and water/FA systems by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy revealed that only 1:1 aggregates are formed in the DMSO solutions of FA in a broad concentration range, while the stoichiometry and the number of the FA-water aggregates essentially depends on the concentration of the aqueous solutions.

Direct Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation into Formic Acid in Acidic Media

Séverine Joëlle Moret

A major challenge in the face of increasing global energy demand is the development of alternative environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Hydrogen is an excellent energy carrier, but has drawbacks in storage density and is dangerous to handle. An alternative approach involves controlled release of hydrogen from suitable materials, and an excellent candidate for this is formic acid. Because hydrogen production from formic acid is more convenient in acidic aqueous solutions, development of direct carbon dioxide hydrogenation has to be carried out under the same acidic conditions that provides a direct reversible hydrogen storage system. As current sources of formic acid are derived from fossil fuels, emphasis must be placed on conversion of renewable carbon sources to this materials. This thesis examines the direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid using homogeneous catalysts. Importantly, this reaction was achieved in base and additive-free conditions. Direct formic acid synthesis, without any additives has several advantages, including simpler isolation of the product. In addition, formic acid can also be used as a feedstock chemical and thus contributing to decrease the released CO2 to the atmosphere and consequently to the possible reduction of the greenhouse effect. A homogeneous catalytic system based on a [RuCl2(PTA)4] pre-catalyst active for carbon dioxide hydrogenation without the need for additives was developed. While unprecedented conversions were achieved in aqueous mixtures, a remarkable solvent effect was discovered for dimethyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, both catalytic systems are air stable and highly robust allowing for multiple recycling runs. Studies on the activity of the ruthenium pre-catalyst in the reverse reaction of hydrogen delivery in dimethyl sulfoxide have been undertaken and revealed promising results to achieve a CO2 neutral catalytic cycles. Mechanistic studies were carried out using NMR spectroscopy and provide valuable insights into the reasons for the high activities for the catalyst. After a general introduction on current hydrogen storage technologies, the research undertaken in this thesis will be presented in three main parts: (1) Optimization of the high pressure sapphire NMR techniques used for the study of systems under pressure; (2) Development of homogeneous ruthenium catalytic systems for the direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid; (3) Mechanistic studies on the direct carbon dioxide hydrogenation using the [RuCl2(PTA)4] pre-catalyst

EPFL2014

Carbon dioxide for hydrogen storage via formic acid derivatives and methanol

Katerina Stefania Sordakis

Securing our energy future while minimizing the associated environmental impacts is a challenging endeavor and the fundamental aspect of sustainable development. The choice of energy resource and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), are key parameters in this process. Hydrogen gas (H2) is an energy carrier with the potential of "green" production and utilization, in addition to having attractive inherent fuel properties. However, complications during its storage arise from its intrinsically light nature. Chemical H2 fixation within liquid formic acid (FA) and its derivatives is therefore a promising approach. In the present dissertation, reversible H2 storage cycles based on homogeneous FA/formate dehydrogenation and CO2/bicarbonate hydrogenation, as well as the related CO2 transformation to methanol are investigated. The first chapter provides an overview of challenges underlying energy sustainability, prospects for integration of H2 with our energy infrastructure, the employment of FA as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier and state of the art homogeneous catalysts for selective FA dehydrogenation and CO2 hydrogenation. The combination of these reactions to form a closed CO2 loop is the basic concept behind a reversible H2 storage system as it is envisaged by our group. In the second chapter, FA dehydrogenation/formation in the presence of triethylamine is discussed. The results are summarized as equilibrium positions within this couple, which can be controlled by adjustment of the operating pressure and temperature. The basic additive promotes H2 fixation but also allows for on-demand H2 release from a triethylammonium formate substrate. The third chapter addresses H2 storage in basic media, i.e. aqueous bicarbonate hydrogenation, with a Ru(III) catalyst precursor and a number of water-soluble phosphine ligands. The latter are introduced to tailor the exhibited activity by affecting the steric and electronic parameters of the catalyst. All phosphines provide high bicarbonate conversions, albeit with low reaction rates. Chapter four summarizes the optimization and mechanistic studies of the reversible formate dehydrogenation reaction, in the presence of a Ru(II)-mTPPTS catalyst. Cesium is chosen as the cation for the formate/bicarbonate salts because it leads to their high solubility in the aqueous solvent and therefore an increase in the hydrogen storage capacity. The involved equilibria are determined and a reaction mechanism for the formate dehydrogenation step is proposed, based on NMR studies. Advantages of the presented approach include the utilization of water as the solvent, the absence of CO2 throughout the reactions and the successful in situ recycling of the environmentally benign hydrogen carrier. In Chapter five the feasibility of producing both FA and methanol directly from CO2, at room temperature, in a "one-pot" reaction using aqueous solvent is demonstrated. Formic acid formation occurs in water without additives or organic solvents with a homogeneous iridium catalyst. Formic acid also undergoes disproportionation into methanol, with the same complex. Under optimized conditions, FA conversions of 98% and methanol selectivities of 96% are achieved in the disproportionation reaction. These reactions are relevant to the field of sustainable H2 storage, but might also provide an alternative approach to the commercial fossil-fuel-dependent production of formic acid and methanol.

EPFL2016

Selective Formic Acid Decomposition for High-Pressure Hydrogen Generation: A Mechanistic Study

Paul Joseph Dyson, Céline Fellay, Gabor Laurenczy, Ning Yan

A homogenous catalytic system has been developed that efficiently and selectively decomposes formic acid into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. [Ru(H2O)6]2+, [Ru(H2O)6]3+ and RuCl3·xH2O are all excellent precatalysts in presence of TPPTS (TPPTS=meta-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine), the formic acid decomposition taking place in the aqueous phase, under mild conditions and over a large range of pressures. Optimisation of the reaction conditions is described together with a detailed mechanistic study leading to a tentative catalytic cycle. The performance of the catalytic system for continuous hydrogen generation is presented. Overall, the method proposed overcomes the limitations of other catalysts for the decomposition of formic acid making it a viable hydrogen-storage material.