Nanoparticle - Ionic Liquid Based Catalytic Systems

In recent years ionic liquids have emerged as an important class of compounds for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The significant advantage of using ionic liquids is their dual role of reaction solvent and nanoparticle stabilizer. The variability of ionic liquids enables their chemical properties to be tuned by the rational introduction of functional moieties. Metal nanoparticles and ionic liquids appear to be ideal complementary components for the construction of multifunctional catalytic systems. The development of multifunctional systems based on the combination of catalytically active nanoparticles and functionalized ionic liquids allows the integration of complex multi-step catalytic reactions in a one-pot process. The design of efficient metal nanoparticle ¿ functionalized ionic liquid catalysts is currently attracting much attention. The thesis is centered on the design, synthesis, characterisation and the catalytic applications of novel metal nanoparticle ¿ ionic liquid based catalytic systems. In the first chapter a general introduction to the field of metal nanoparticles immobilized in ionic liquids is presented, and the recent evolution of metal nanoparticle ¿ acidic ionic liquid multifunctional catalysts is reviewed. The second chapter covers the studies on chlorometallate ionic liquids. Lewis acidity of various chlorometallate systems was evaluated with respect to the speciation present in these systems. The speciation in chlorozincate ionic liquids was determined by different techniques. The obtained scale of Lewis acidity of the chlorometallate ionic liquids and the understanding of the speciation in these systems allowed accurate selection of the appropriate system for catalytic applications. The third and the fourth chapters describe the studies concerning the ability of the chlorometallate ionic liquids to function in a cooperative manner with rhodium nanoparticles in hydrogenation reactions. A novel bifunctional catalyst, consisting of rhodium nanoparticles dispersed in a Lewis acidic ionic liquid medium, was developed. In the third chapter the rhodium nanoparticle component of the catalyst is characterized. Subsequently, the combined bifunctional catalytic system was used to catalyse the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds and was found to exhibit excellent activity under mild conditions. In the fourth chapter, the high activity of the rhodium nanoparticle ¿ Lewis acidic ionic liquid catalyst the direct hydrogenation of challenging heteroarene substrates is demonstrated. Chlorozincate(II), chloroaluminate(III) and chlorogallate(III) ionic liquids were found to be effective as a second active component of the catalytic system. The chemoselective reduction of different quinolines, pyridines, benzofurans was performed at mild conditions ¿ 30 bar and 80-120°C and the corresponding heterocycles were obtained in high yields. The high selectivity of the catalyst and its tolerance to different functional groups was demonstrated on a broad range of substrates. The recyclability of the rhodium nanoparticle ¿ Lewis acidic ionic liquid catalyst was evaluated. The final chapter presents two reduced graphene oxide supported rhodium nanoparticle catalysts obtained in ionic liquid media via microwave-assisted and conventional thermal heating methods. The rhodium nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide composites were characterized by different techniques. The catalytic performance of the rhodium nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide composites was evaluated in the hydrogenation of quinoline compounds under mild conditions, i.e. 10 bar and 80°C. The advantages of the microwave-assisted ionic liquid synthesis for the production of highly efficient catalysts were demonstrated. The long-term stability of the catalyst obtained by microwave-assisted method was studied and the catalyst could be recycled several times without significant loss in activity and selectivity.