Concours généralIn France, the Concours Général is the most prestigious academic competition held every year between students of Première (11th grade) and Terminale (12th and final grade) in almost all subjects taught in both general, technological and professional high schools. Exams usually take place in March, and their results are known in June or July. Students who show great ability in one field are selected to participate by their teachers and their school principal.
Ligue de l'enseignementLa Ligue de l'enseignement was initially conceived and created by the journalist Jean Macé, on 15 November 1866. It was advocated for by liberal press, as public, free, compulsory and secular education. A congress convened in 1881, which gave La Ligue its federal form. In 1925, after World War I, La Ligue decentralized in order to create even greater access for the public needs. Midway through World War II, in 1942, the league dissolved. In a re-founding convening congress in 1945, La Ligue deepened its involvement in secularism and the humanities.
Teofilo RossiTeofilo Rossi (1865–1927) was an Italian lawyer and politician who served at the Italian Parliament for four successive terms between 1898 and 1909. He was also minister of industry and commerce from 31 October 1922 to 31 July 1923. He was the co-owner of the Italian company Martini & Rossi. Rossi was born in Chieri on 27 October 1865. His father was the founder of an aromatized wine and liqueur company, which became Martini & Rossi. He was a graduate of the University of Turin where he obtained a degree in law in 1886.
Ludwik PeretzLudwik Janusz Peretz (9 January 1923 – 1 December 2022) was a Polish-born French architect. Peretz began his university studies at the Warsaw University of Technology and served in the Home Army. He was a prisoner of war from 1944 to 1945. After World War II, he emigrated to France and became a student of Marcel Favier, Robert Clément, and André Lys at the École des beaux-arts de Lille, from where he graduated in 1955. In 1966, he became a naturalized French citizen.
American French Tool Co.American French Tool Co., founded by Andre Beaudoin, was an independent manufacturer of etching and lithography presses from the early 1970s until its acquisition by Conrad Machine Co. in 1999. Based in Coventry, Rhode Island, their product line of large floor model presses were highly regarded by professionals for their design, durability, and precision. Conrad Machine Co. continues to produce printmaking presses under the American French Tool name, based on the original designs.
Concours AdvanceIn France, the concours Advance is a competitive examination to access to four main engineering grandes écoles: École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées for computer science and software engineering ; ESME-Sudria for energy ; Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées for aeronautical and aerospace engineering. Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris for biotechnology. The examination has been created in 2011 by IONIS Education Group. Sup’Biotech joined it in 2016.
FayardFayard (complete name: Librairie Arthème Fayard) is a French Paris-based publishing house established in 1857. Fayard is controlled by Hachette Livre. In 1999, Éditions Pauvert became part of Fayard. Claude Durand was director of Fayard from 1980 until his retirement in 2009. He was replaced by Olivier Nora, previously head of Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle another division of the Hachette group. On 6 November 2013, Nora was replaced by Sophie de Closets, who officially took over at the beginning of 2014.
Aldo GaròsciAldo Garòsci (October 13, 1907 – January 3, 2000) was an Italian historian, socialist, anti-fascist activist-politician and, in his later professional career, a leading political journalist-commentator. Aldo Garòsci was born at Meana di Susa, a small mountain town overlooking the Susa Valley, roughly equidistant between Turin, to the east, and the mountain pass across into Savoy, to the west. Aldo was his father's third son. Antonio Garosci (1861-1941) was not originally from Piedmont.
Thierry AimarThierry Aimar (born 1966) is a French specialist of the Austrian School of Economics and History of Economic Thought. Aimar is assistant Professor of Economics at Sciences Po, Paris and the Nancy 2 University; he also teaches at Paris Dauphine University and ESSEC. He concentrates his research and writings on the Austrian School of Economics, extending to entrepreneurial and market processes, the economics of Knowledge and the Information economics as well as the psychology of decision-making.
Jean GuittonJean Guitton (August 18, 1901 – March 21, 1999) was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian. Le Monde called him "the last of the great Catholic philosophers." Born in Saint-Étienne, Loire in August 1901, he was the son of an industrialist. He studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon and was accepted at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1920. His principal religious and intellectual influence was from a blind priest, Francois Pouget. He finished his philosophical studies in the early 1920s and taught in a number of secondary schools.
