Publication

Progress in modelling solidification microstructures in metals and alloys: dendrites and cells from 1700 to 2000

Wilfried Kurz
2019
Journal paper
Abstract

This is the first account of the history of our understanding of, and ability to model, solidification microstructures. Its objective is to retrace the scientific steps made, from the earliest observations of the eighteenth century to our present-day understanding of dendrites and eutectics. Because of the abundance of information, especially that added during the present century, sub-division was essential: this being the first of three articles. They cover dendrites and cells from 1700 to 2000, and then from 2001 to 2015 and finally eutectics and peritectics from 1700 to 2015. The authors have striven always to identify the genesis of every advance made, being aware that such a compact history must leave many worthy contributions by the wayside; others will doubtless complete the history. This review shows how cross-fertilisation between theory and experiment, and basic and applied research led to both the posing and answering of challenging fundamental questions, thus rewarding society with beneficial results.

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Related concepts (40)
Metal
A metal (from Ancient Greek μέταλλον métallon 'mine, quarry, metal') is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into wires) and malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets). These properties are the result of the metallic bond between the atoms or molecules of the metal. A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polymeric sulfur nitride.
Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context. In metallurgy, for example, a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density, whereas in physics the distinguishing criterion might be atomic number, while a chemist would likely be more concerned with chemical behaviour. More specific definitions have been published, none of which have been widely accepted.
Coinage metals
The coinage metals comprise, at a minimum, those metallic chemical elements which have historically been used as components in alloys used to mint coins. The term is not perfectly defined, however, since a number of metals have been used to make "demonstration coins" which have never been used to make monetized coins for any nation-state, but could be. Some of these elements would make excellent coins in theory (for example, zirconium), but their status as coin metals is not clear.
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