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(FR) Dans les régimes de brevets d’invention qui se mettent en place au XVIIIe siècle, d’abord en Angleterre puis aux États-Unis et en France, la description (par le texte, l’image, le modèle, l’échantillon) occupe un rôle central. Elle permet d’opérationn ...
In 1791, one year after the first US Patent Act, the French ‘Loi relative aux découvertes utiles’ sought to revolutionize the Ancien Régime’s privileges of invention, turning them into new patents or ‘brevets d’invention’. Not only did the law recast ci-de ...
In matters of patents of invention, Switzerland was a unique case in the nineteenth century. After a brief experiment between 1801 and 1803, the country remained without a patent system until 1888. Not only was this situation exceptional in Europe and espe ...
The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement, administered by the World Trade Organization, ensures the smooth functioning of the international patent system. It promises among other things that local and foreign firms are treated in ...
We have constructed a fitness parameter, characterizing the intrinsic attractiveness for patents to be cited, from attributes of the associated inventions known at the time a patent is granted. This exogenously obtained fitness is shown to determine the te ...
Le Conservatoire des arts et métiers est fondé en 1794, trois ans après la loi qui crée les brevets d’invention. Cet article retrace les liens entre la nouvelle institution et les brbevets, en insistant sur l’entreprise de publication des brevets expirés d ...
The U.S. government invests more than $50 billion per year in R&D procurement but we know little about the outcomes of these investments. We have traced all the patents arising from government funding since the year 2000. About 1.5 percent of all R&D procu ...
Many studies rely on patent citations to measure intellectual heritage and impact. In this article, we show that the nature of patent citations has changed dramatically in recent years. Today, a small minority of patent applications are generating a large ...
In 1791, the Loi relative aux découvertes utiles instituted a new patent system in France. Because patents were seen as the expression of the natural right of inventors, prior examination was abolished. However, only a few years after the law was passed, a ...
This paper proposes an analysis of multi-factor fabrications of magnetic membranes. In order to acquire some knowledge about the influence of fabrication factors, an analysis is performed using a Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology. The latter is applie ...
