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A photonic crystal is an optical nanostructure in which the refractive index changes periodically. This affects the propagation of light in the same way that the structure of natural crystals gives rise to X-ray diffraction and that the atomic lattices (crystal structure) of semiconductors affect their conductivity of electrons. Photonic crystals occur in nature in the form of structural coloration and animal reflectors, and, as artificially produced, promise to be useful in a range of applications.
Outer space, commonly referred to simply as space, is the expanse that exists beyond Earth and its atmosphere and between celestial bodies. Outer space is not completely empty; it is a near-perfect vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust, and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is .
Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. While the exploration of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are atomically thin crystals with exceptional mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Their unique characteristics originating from quantum confinement in the vertical dimension have attracted a strong interest for sci ...
Using a semianalytic guided-mode expansion technique, we present theory and analysis of intrinsic propagation losses for topological photonic crystal slab waveguide structures with modified honeycomb lattices of circular or triangular holes. Although conve ...
Periodic photonic structures have attracted much interest due to their versatility for controlling light propagation. The dispersion of photon modes in photonic lattices exhibits an energy band structure analo-gous to the electronic one in crystals. An imp ...
