Publication

Extending the Concept of Predicting Fish Acute Toxicity In Vitro to the Intestinal Cell Line RTgutGC

Abstract

Testing chemicals for fish acute toxicity is a legal requirement in many countries as part of environmental risk assessment. To reduce the number of fish used, substantial efforts have been focused on alternative approaches. Prominently, the cell viability assay with the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cell line, RTgill-W1, has proven to be highly predictive and robust. Like the gills, the intestine is considered a major site of chemical uptake and biotransformation, but, in contrast to the gills, it is expected to be exposed to more hydrophobic chemicals, which enter the fish via food. In the present study, we therefore aimed to extend the cell bioassay to the rainbow trout epithelial cell line from intestine, RTgutGC. Using 16 hydrophobic and volatile chemicals from the fragrance palette, we show that also the RTgutGC cell line can be used to predict fish acute toxicity of chemicals and yields intra-laboratory variability in line with other bioassays. By comparing the RTgutGC toxicity to a study employing the RTgill-W1 assay on the same group of chemicals, a fragrance-specific relationship was established that reflects an almost perfect 1:1 relationship between in vitro and in vivo toxicity results. Thus, both cell lines can be used to predict fish acute toxicity, either by extrapolating based on the in vivo-in vitro relationship or by taking the in vitro results at face value. We moreover demonstrate the derivation of non-toxic concentrations for downstream applications that rely on a healthy cell state, such as the assessment of biotransformation or chemical transfer.

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Related concepts (37)
Rainbow trout
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of trout native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead (sometimes called steelhead trout) is an anadromous (sea-run) form of the coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) or Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri) that usually returns to freshwater to spawn after living two to three years in the ocean. Freshwater forms that have been introduced into the Great Lakes and migrate into tributaries to spawn are also called steelhead.
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large.
Trout
Trout (: trout) is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the family Salmonidae. The word trout is also used for some similar-shaped but non-salmonid fish, such as the spotted seatrout/speckled trout (Cynoscion nebulosus, which is actually a croaker). Trout are closely related to salmon and have similar migratory life cycles.
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