Primary and Net Ecosystem Production in a Large Lake Diagnosed From High-Resolution Oxygen Measurements

The rates of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R), and net ecosystem production (NEP) provide quantitative information about the cycling of carbon and energy in aquatic ecosystems. In lakes, metabolic rates are often diagnosed from diel oxygen fluctuations recorded with high-resolution sondes. This requires that the imprint of ecosystem metabolism can be separated from that of physical processes. Here, we quantified the vertical and temporal variability of the metabolic rates of a deep, large, mesotrophic lake (Lake Geneva, Switzerland–France) by using a 6-month record (April–October 2019) of high-frequency, depth-resolved (0–30 m) dissolved oxygen measurements. Two new alternative methods (in the time and frequency domain) were used to filter low-frequency basinscale internal motions from the oxygen signal. Both methods proved successful and yielded consistent metabolic estimates showing net autotrophy (NEP = GPP − R = 55 mmol m−2 day−1) over the sampling period and depth interval, with GPP (235 mmol m−2 day−1) exceeding R (180 mmol m−2 day−1). They also revealed significant temporal variability, with at least two short-lived blooms occurring during calm periods, and a vertical partitioning of metabolism, with stronger diel cycles and positive NEP in the upper ∼10 m and negative NEP below, where the diel oxygen signal was dominated by internal motions. The proposed methods expand the range of applicability of the diel oxygen technique to large lakes hosting energetic, low-frequency internal motions, offering new possibilities for unveiling the rich spatiotemporal metabolism dynamics in these systems.