Bacterial matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases contribute to the extra-host inactivation of enteroviruses in lake water

Enteroviruses are ubiquitous contaminants of surface waters, yet their fate in presence of microbial congeners is poorly understood. In this work, we investigated the inactivation of Echovirus-11 (E11) and Coxsackievirus-A9 (CVA9) by bacteria isolated from Lake Geneva. Incubation of E11 or CVA9 in biologically active lake water caused inactivation of 2- and 4-log10, respectively, within 48 h. To evaluate the antiviral action of individual bacterial species, we isolated 136 bacterial strains belonging to 31 genera from Lake Geneva. The majority of isolates (92) induced decay of at least 1.5-log10 of CVA9, whereas only 13 isolates induced a comparable inactivation on E11. The most extensive viral decay was induced by bacterial isolates producing matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Correspondingly, the addition of a specific MMP inhibitor to lake water reduced the extent of inactivation for both viruses. A lesser, though significant protective effect was also observed with inhibitors of chymotrypsin-like or trypsin-like proteases, suggesting involvement of serine proteases in enterovirus inactivation in natural systems. Overall, we demonstrate the direct effect of bacterial proteases on the inactivation of enteroviruses and identify MMPs as effective controls on enteroviruses’ environmental persistence.