Publication

20-years work investigating the shine-through paradigm in the schizophrenia spectrum: what is next?

Abstract

In the past 20 years, our laboratory has proved the shine-through paradigm to be a very sensitive endophenotype for schizophrenia. The shine-through paradigm is a visual backward masking task, where the target is a vertical vernier followed by a 25-element grating mask that decreases target discriminability. Behaviorally, we have shown that schizophrenia patients, schizoaffective patients, adolescents with psychosis, adolescents with first-episode psychosis, unaffected relatives of schizophrenia patients, healthy students scoring high in schizotypal traits and patients with bipolar disorder show reproducible masking impairments compared to controls (Chkonia et al., 2010, 2010b, 2012; Herzog et al., 2004; Holzer et al., 2004, 2009; Cappe et al., 2012). Neurophysiologically, masking deficits of schizophrenia patients, patients with first-episode psychosis, students scoring high in schizotypal traits and patients with bipolar disorder are reflected in decreased global field power amplitudes of the N1 component at 200 ms after target onset (Plomp et al., 2013; Favrod et al., 2017, 2018; Garobbio et al., 2021). We found evidence for a neural compensation mechanism in unaffected siblings of patients as revealed by higher N1 amplitudes than controls (da Cruz et al., 2020). Depressive patients did not show masking deficits although they showed reduced N1 amplitudes compared to controls but stronger than schizophrenia patients (Favrod et al., 2019). Genetically, one SNP of the cholinergic system correlated well with masking deficits in schizophrenia patients (Bakanidze et al., 2013). Finally, longitudinal data proved the shine-through paradigm to be a stable endophenotype (Faggella et al., in prep.). Based on these results we propose that patients in the schizophrenia spectrum suffer from a target enhancement deficit due to a general dysfunction in attention, recurrent processing and/or neuromodulation. Similarly, there are many paradigms which show clear-cut differences between patients and controls. However, to what extent does a single endophenotype tell us about schizophrenia? Parallel work has shown very low correlations between performance level in different paradigms in both controls and schizophrenia patients (Gordillo et al., 2023; Cretenoud et al., in prep.). Therefore, it seems that each paradigm taps into roughly independent aspect of schizophrenia, which in the end might neither be necessary nor sufficient for the disease. To embrace the complexity and the heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders, we propose that future studies should consider multiple features extracted from the same and different paradigms, advocating a more integrative approach.

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Related concepts (39)
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe, it is called hypomania. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences.
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizoaffective disorder (SZA, SZD) is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal thought processes and an unstable mood. This diagnosis requires symptoms of both schizophrenia (usually psychosis) and a mood disorder: either bipolar disorder or depression. The main criterion is the presence of psychotic symptoms for at least two weeks without any mood symptoms. Schizoaffective disorder can often be misdiagnosed when the correct diagnosis may be psychotic depression, bipolar I disorder, schizophreniform disorder, or schizophrenia.
Psychotic depression
Psychotic depression, also known as depressive psychosis, is a major depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms. It can occur in the context of bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. It can be difficult to distinguish from schizoaffective disorder, a diagnosis that requires the presence of psychotic symptoms for at least two weeks without any mood symptoms present. Unipolar psychotic depression requires that psychotic symptoms occur during severe depressive episodes, although residual psychotic symptoms may also be present in between episodes (e.
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