ClubfootClubfoot is a congenital or acquired defect where one or both feet are rotated inward and downward. Congenital clubfoot is the most common congenital malformation of the foot with an incidence of 1 per 1000 births. In approximately 50% of cases, clubfoot affects both feet, but it can present unilaterally causing one leg or foot to be shorter than the other. Most of the time, it is not associated with other problems. Without appropriate treatment, the foot deformity will persist and lead to pain and impaired ability to walk, which can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life.
Macula densaIn the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the thick ascending limb of henle, where the distal tubule touches the glomerulus. The cells of the macula densa are sensitive to the concentration of sodium chloride in the thick ascending loop of henle.
