Towards real-world biomechanical analysis of performance and functional capacity using wearable sensors

Today, wearable heart rate monitors are an integral part of runners' training sessions, with heart rate data routinely used to assess effort intensity and stress on the body. As athletes translate their physical capacity into performance on the field through their movement, biomechanical assessment can provide valuable information that complements physiological assessment. However, the potential of using biomechanical information in the evaluation of training sessions and standardized tests in practice remains largely untapped, partly because the assessment devices remain cumbersome to use and often require long post-processing, as well as programming skills. The proposed work aims to realize this potential by developing field methods for performance and capacity evaluation using portable inertial measurement units (IMUs) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers.

Running performance can be characterized by the ability to maintain appropriate running technique despite fatigue, while keeping the effort intensity prescribed by the coach, or planned as a pacing strategy. In this work, a systematic review was conducted to examine and synthesize the results of fatigue protocols in running, fol-lowed by continuous measurements during a competition to confirm the trends obtained from the review with data from the field and to measure the changes in running technique due to fatigue. In addition, models were developed to accurately estimate running power using foot-worn IMU over a range of speeds and inclines and validated using gold standard methods in the laboratory, to better characterize running intensity. The second part of this work consisted of investigating the ability of IMUs and GNSS to improve the evaluation of athletes in standardized tests, referred to as their functional capacity. Functional capacity is typically used by coaches to develop appropriate training loads for athletes. This work presented validated methods to instrument common functional tests with wearable sensors to measure the speed, agility, and endurance of athletes in the field. In addition, these methods enable the extraction and a deeper analysis of relevant biomechanical parameters that contribute to the measured capacity and help the sporting staff understand athletes' strengths and weaknesses in detail.

All of the research conducted and methods developed in this work are based on various combinations of a minimal body-worn sensor setup with foot-worn IMUs and a single trunk-worn IMU-GNSS unit. The signal processing algorithms and models developed in this work allow the recorded signals to be translated into easily interpretable and actionable information. Based on this information, coaches and physical therapists can develop customized training programs that target the relevant parameters. The proposed sensor setups and methods have been used and validated in a variety of situations, such as pre-season testing of a professional soccer team, training ses