Michael Christoph GastparMichael Gastpar is a (full) Professor at EPFL. From 2003 to 2011, he was a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, earning his tenure in 2008. He received his Dipl. El.-Ing. degree from ETH Zürich, Switzerland, in 1997 and his MS degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA, in 1999. He defended his doctoral thesis at EPFL on Santa Claus day, 2002. He was also a (full) Professor at Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. His research interests are in network information theory and related coding and signal processing techniques, with applications to sensor networks and neuroscience. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. He is the co-recipient of the 2013 Communications Society & Information Theory Society Joint Paper Award. He was an Information Theory Society Distinguished Lecturer (2009-2011). He won an ERC Starting Grant in 2010, an Okawa Foundation Research Grant in 2008, an NSF CAREER award in 2004, and the 2002 EPFL Best Thesis Award. He has served as an Associate Editor for Shannon Theory for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (2008-11), and as Technical Program Committee Co-Chair for the 2010 International Symposium on Information Theory, Austin, TX.
Henry MarkramHenry Markram started a dual scientific and medical career at the University of Cape Town, in South Africa. His scientific work in the 80s revealed the polymodal receptive fields of pontomedullary reticular formation neurons in vivo and how acetylcholine re-organized these sensory maps.
He moved to Israel in 1988 and obtained his PhD at the Weizmann Institute where he discovered a link between acetylcholine and memory mechanisms by being the first to show that acetylcholine modulates the NMDA receptor in vitro studies, and thereby gates which synapses can undergo synaptic plasticity. He was also the first to characterize the electrical and anatomical properties of the cholinergic neurons in the medial septum diagonal band.
He carried out a first postdoctoral study as a Fulbright Scholar at the NIH, on the biophysics of ion channels on synaptic vesicles using sub-fractionation methods to isolate synaptic vesicles and patch-clamp recordings to characterize the ion channels. He carried out a second postdoctoral study at the Max Planck Institute, as a Minerva Fellow, where he discovered that individual action potentials propagating back into dendrites also cause pulsed influx of Ca2 into the dendrites and found that sub-threshold activity could also activated a low threshold Ca2 channel. He developed a model to show how different types of electrical activities can divert Ca2 to activate different intracellular targets depending on the speed of Ca2 influx an insight that helps explain how Ca2 acts as a universal second messenger. His most well known discovery is that of the millisecond watershed to judge the relevance of communication between neurons marked by the back-propagating action potential. This phenomenon is now called Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP), which many laboratories around the world have subsequently found in multiple brain regions and many theoreticians have incorporated as a learning rule. At the Max-Planck he also started exploring the micro-anatomical and physiological principles of the different neurons of the neocortex and of the mono-synaptic connections that they form - the first step towards a systematic reverse engineering of the neocortical microcircuitry to derive the blue prints of the cortical column in a manner that would allow computer model reconstruction.
He received a tenure track position at the Weizmann Institute where he continued the reverse engineering studies and also discovered a number of core principles of the structural and functional organization such as differential signaling onto different neurons, models of dynamic synapses with Misha Tsodyks, the computational functions of dynamic synapses, and how GABAergic neurons map onto interneurons and pyramidal neurons. A major contribution during this period was his discovery of Redistribution of Synaptic Efficacy (RSE), where he showed that co-activation of neurons does not only alter synaptic strength, but also the dynamics of transmission. At the Weizmann, he also found the tabula rasa principle which governs the random structural connectivity between pyramidal neurons and a non-random functional connectivity due to target selection. Markram also developed a novel computation framework with Wolfgang Maass to account for the impact of multiple time constants in neurons and synapses on information processing called liquid computing or high entropy computing.
In 2002, he was appointed Full professor at the EPFL where he founded and directed the Brain Mind Institute. During this time Markram continued his reverse engineering approaches and developed a series of new technologies to allow large-scale multi-neuron patch-clamp studies. Markrams lab discovered a novel microcircuit plasticity phenomenon where connections are formed and eliminated in a Darwinian manner as apposed to where synapses are strengthening or weakened as found for LTP. This was the first demonstration that neural circuits are constantly being re-wired and excitation can boost the rate of re-wiring.
At the EPFL he also completed the much of the reverse engineering studies on the neocortical microcircuitry, revealing deeper insight into the circuit design and built databases of the blue-print of the cortical column. In 2005 he used these databases to launched the Blue Brain Project. The BBP used IBMs most advanced supercomputers to reconstruct a detailed computer model of the neocortical column composed of 10000 neurons, more than 340 different types of neurons distributed according to a layer-based recipe of composition and interconnected with 30 million synapses (6 different types) according to synaptic mapping recipes. The Blue Brain team built dozens of applications that now allow automated reconstruction, simulation, visualization, analysis and calibration of detailed microcircuits. This Proof of Concept completed, Markrams lab has now set the agenda towards whole brain and molecular modeling.
With an in depth understanding of the neocortical microcircuit, Markram set a path to determine how the neocortex changes in Autism. He found hyper-reactivity due to hyper-connectivity in the circuitry and hyper-plasticity due to hyper-NMDA expression. Similar findings in the Amygdala together with behavioral evidence that the animal model of autism expressed hyper-fear led to the novel theory of Autism called the Intense World Syndrome proposed by Henry and Kamila Markram. The Intense World Syndrome claims that the brain of an Autist is hyper-sensitive and hyper-plastic which renders the world painfully intense and the brain overly autonomous. The theory is acquiring rapid recognition and many new studies have extended the findings to other brain regions and to other models of autism.
Markram aims to eventually build detailed computer models of brains of mammals to pioneer simulation-based research in the neuroscience which could serve to aggregate, integrate, unify and validate our knowledge of the brain and to use such a facility as a new tool to explore the emergence of intelligence and higher cognitive functions in the brain, and explore hypotheses of diseases as well as treatments.
Claudia Rebeca Binder SignerNée à Montréal, Claudia R. Binder est d’origine canadienne, suisse et colombienne. Elle grandit entre la Suisse et la Colombie. Alumni de l’ETH de Zurich, elle y obtient un diplôme en biochimie et un doctorat en Sciences de l'environnement, de 1985 à 1996. Elle poursuit sa carrière avec un post doctorat à l'Université du Maryland, aux États-Unis, de 1996 à 1998, et travaille en qualité d’assistante-senior à l’ETH jusqu’en 2006, où elle se spécialise dans les systèmes humains-environnementaux. Elle est ensuite nommée Professeure assistante au Département de géographie de l'Université de Zurich, un poste qu’elle occupe jusqu’en 2009.
Elle obtient en 2009 le titre de Professeure ordinaire en Sciences systémiques à l’Université de Graz, en Autriche et rejoint en 2011 le Département de Géographie de l’Université de Munich, en Allemagne, en tant que Professeure ordinaire en relations humaines-environnementales. Elle intègre l’EPFL en mars 2016, où elle ouvre le Laboratoire de relations humaines-environnementales dans les systèmes urbains (HERUS), rattaché à la Chaire La Mobilière pour l’écologie urbaine et un mode de vie durable, au sein de la Faculté de l’environnement naturel, architectural et construit (ENAC).
Ses recherches portent sur l'analyse, la modélisation et l'évaluation de la transition des systèmes urbains vers la durabilité. Elle examine en particulier comment nous pouvons mieux comprendre la dynamique du métabolisme urbain, ce qui caractérise une ville durable et ce qui anime et entrave les processus de transformation. Elle explore ces sujets en combinant les domaines des sciences sociales, des sciences naturelles et de la science des données. Ses recherches portent sur l'alimentation, l'énergie, les modes de vie et les transports durables dans les systèmes urbains.
En Suisse, Binder a été nommé membre du Conseil de la recherche, Division des programmes du Fonds national suisse (FNS) en 2016 et fait partie du Comité directeur du Programme national de recherche 71 du FNS, "Gestion de la consommation d'énergie" et du Swiss Competence Centers for Energy Research (SCCER). Elle est également membre du comité directeur sur Sustainability Research des Académies suisses des sciences et des lettres. En 2019, elle a été élue membre du Conseil universitaire de l'Université de Munich (LMU).
A l’EPFL, Claudia R. Binder est la directrice académique du programme d’enseignement interdisciplinaire «Projeter Ensemble». Elle a été nommée membre de la Direction du Centre de l'énergie en 2018 et dirige depuis 2019 le groupe de travail sur la Stratégie énergétique et de durabilité de l’école.
Jérôme BaudryJérôme Baudry is a historian of science and technology. Since 2019, he is a tenure-track assistant professor at EPFL, where he heads the Laboratory for the History of Science and Technology (LHST) and manages the UNIL-EPFL Collection of Scientific Instruments. He studied history, mathematics, sociology and economics in Paris, before receiving a PhD in the history of science at Harvard University. His research interests include the history of intellectual property, the role of the visual in science and technology, and the history and sociology of public participation in science. He is particularly interested in developing and experimenting with new tools and methods — especially digital and computational — for historical research.
