ImmunologieL'immunologie est la branche de la biologie qui s'occupe de l'étude du système immunitaire. Apparu très tôt au cours de l'évolution, ce système a évolué pour distinguer le non-soi du soi. Les réactions de défense de l'organisme face à un organisme pathogène — quelle que soit la nature de celui-ci, virus, bactéries, champignons ou protozoaires. Les maladies auto-immunes, les allergies et le rejet des greffes forment l'aspect médical de cette science.
Power engineeringPower engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power – the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks.
Solar powerSolar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a steam turbine.
Stockage de l'énergieLe stockage de l'énergie consiste à mettre en réserve une quantité d'énergie provenant d'une source pour une utilisation ultérieure. Il a toujours été utile et pratiqué, pour se prémunir d'une rupture d'un approvisionnement extérieur ou pour stabiliser à l'échelle quotidienne les réseaux électriques, mais il a pris une acuité supplémentaire depuis l'apparition de l'objectif de transition écologique.
Mécanique (science)vignette|Gyroscope. Le gyroscope tient en équilibre sur la pointe fixe par le jeu des forces mécaniques (en particulier le couple de rappel) engendrées par la rotation rapide du disque au centre. La mécanique (du grec ancien , « l'art mécanique ») est une branche de la physique dont l'objet est l'étude du mouvement, des déformations ou des états d'équilibre des systèmes physiques. Cette science vise ainsi à décrire les mouvements de différentes sortes de corps, depuis les particules subatomiques avec la mécanique quantique, jusqu'aux galaxies avec la mécanique céleste.
Physical therapyPhysical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is one of the allied health professions. It is provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through physical examination, diagnosis, management, prognosis, patient education, physical intervention, rehabilitation, disease prevention, and health promotion. Physical therapists are known as physiotherapists in many countries. The career has many specialties including musculoskeletal, orthopedics, cardiopulmonary, neurology, endocrinology, sports medicine, geriatrics, pediatrics, women's health, wound care and electromyography.
Optical engineeringOptical engineering is the field of science and engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and utilization of light. Optical engineers use optics to solve problems and to design and build devices that make light do something useful. They design and operate optical equipment that uses the properties of light using physics and chemistry, such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, lasers, sensors, fiber optic communication systems and optical disc systems (e.
Fields of historyThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to history: History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented (the beginning of recorded history). History can be described as all of the following: Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to – or received by – a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.
Infectious diseasesAn infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response.
État plasmathumb|upright|Le soleil est une boule de plasma. thumb|Lampe à plasma.|168x168px thumb|upright|Les flammes de haute température sont des plasmas. L'état plasma est un état de la matière, tout comme l'état solide, l'état liquide ou l'état gazeux, bien qu'il n'y ait pas de transition brusque pour passer d'un de ces états au plasma ou réciproquement. Il est visible sur Terre, à l'état naturel, le plus souvent à des températures élevées favorables aux ionisations, signifiant l’arrachement d'électrons aux atomes.
