Hypoxia (environmental)Hypoxia refers to low oxygen conditions. Normally, 20.9% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. The partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is 20.9% of the total barometric pressure. In water, oxygen levels are much lower, approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, and fluctuate locally depending on the presence of photosynthetic organisms and relative distance to the surface (if there is more oxygen in the air, it will diffuse across the partial pressure gradient).
Terrestrial ecosystemTerrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found on land. Examples include tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland, deserts. Terrestrial ecosystems differ from aquatic ecosystems by the predominant presence of soil rather than water at the surface and by the extension of plants above this soil/water surface in terrestrial ecosystems. There is a wide range of water availability among terrestrial ecosystems (including water scarcity in some cases), whereas water is seldom a limiting factor to organisms in aquatic ecosystems.
Ecological healthEcological health is a term that has been used in relation to both human health and the condition of the environment. In medicine, ecological health has been used to refer to multiple chemical sensitivity, which results from exposure to synthetic chemicals (pesticides, smoke, etc.) in the environment, hence the term ecological. The term has also been used in medicine with respect to management of environmental factors (taxes, health insurance surcharges) that may reduce the risk of unhealthy behavior such as smoking.
Socio-ecological systemA social-ecological system consists of 'a bio-geo-physical' unit and its associated social actors and institutions. Social-ecological systems are complex and adaptive and delimited by spatial or functional boundaries surrounding particular ecosystems and their context problems. A social-ecological system (SES) can be defined as:(p.
DetritusIn biology, detritus (dᵻˈtraɪtəs) is dead particulate organic material, as distinguished from dissolved organic material. Detritus typically includes the bodies or fragments of bodies of dead organisms, and fecal material. Detritus typically hosts communities of microorganisms that colonize and decompose (i.e. remineralize) it. In terrestrial ecosystems it is present as leaf litter and other organic matter that is intermixed with soil, which is denominated "soil organic matter".
AeroecologyAeroecology is the discipline for studying how airborne life forms utilize and interact with other biotic and abiotic components of the atmosphere. The aerosphere is viewed as habitat and the way that organisms respond to and take advantage of the dynamic aeroscape has relevance to the ecology, evolution, and conservation of many of the world's bird, bat, insect, and plant species. The interactions and properties in the aerosphere, the zone that is closest to the Earth's surface, provide selective pressures that influence the size and shape of organisms, their behavioral, sensory, metabolic, and respiratory functions.
Food chainA food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or algae which produce their own food via photosynthesis) and ending at an apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria). A food chain also shows how organisms are related to each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level.
Cycle des nutrimentsvignette|Nutrient-cycle Le cycle des nutriments (ou recyclage écologique) est le processus par lequel les composés organiques et inorganiques sont réutilisés dans un nouveau but de production de la matière. A l'inverse, l'énergie est utilisée dans un but de consommation sans jamais revenir à son état de départ. On ne peut pas parler de cycle de l'énergie, contrairement au cycle des nutriments minéraux.
Flux de matière et d'énergieEn écologie, le flux d'énergie est un concept qui caractèrise le transfert énergétique entre les organismes du réseau trophique, ou les échanges réalisés d'un écosystème à un autre. Les êtres vivants ont besoin d'un apport constant en énergie par l'assimilation des nutriments ou d'un apport direct en énergie, comme celle du Soleil via son rayonnement lors de la photosynthèse. La biomasse des êtres vivants est convertie et est mesurée en joules, tandis que l'énergie transmise entre eux, ou qui sort du réseau trophique, est calculée par un indice et étudiée par l'efficience écologique.
Succession écologiquevignette|La recolonisation d'un milieu perturbé passe par différents stades, du stade pionnier au stade théorique du climax. Ici, le boisement par des essences pionnières commence à gagner sur la strate herbacée. vignette|Cycle sylvogénétique résumé en six étapes, avec représentation des séquences propres aux six stades.Après un certain temps survient une perturbation qui fait reprendre le "cycle" à son début (ou à un stade intermédiaire si la perturbation est peu importante).
