Catégorie
Information engineering
Concepts associés (982)
Similarity measure
In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on large values for similar objects and either zero or a negative value for very dissimilar objects. Though, in more broad terms, a similarity function may also satisfy metric axioms.
Controllability
Controllability is an important property of a control system and plays a crucial role in many control problems, such as stabilization of unstable systems by feedback, or optimal control. Controllability and observability are dual aspects of the same problem. Roughly, the concept of controllability denotes the ability to move a system around in its entire configuration space using only certain admissible manipulations. The exact definition varies slightly within the framework or the type of models applied.
Separation principle
In control theory, a separation principle, more formally known as a principle of separation of estimation and control, states that under some assumptions the problem of designing an optimal feedback controller for a stochastic system can be solved by designing an optimal observer for the state of the system, which feeds into an optimal deterministic controller for the system. Thus the problem can be broken into two separate parts, which facilitates the design.
Variable bitrate
Variable bitrate (ou Variable bit rate, ou encore VBR), est un terme anglais que l'on peut traduire en français par : « taux d'échantillonnage variable », en opposition au constant bitrate (CBR). Lors de la numérisation d'un signal, l'utilisation d'un taux (ou d'une fréquence) d'échantillonnage variable consiste à adapter le nombre d'échantillons prélevés sur le signal, à la complexité locale (ou instantanée) de celui-ci. Ceci s'oppose à la technique plus simple, Constant bit rate ou CBR, dans laquelle le taux d'échantillonnage est fixe.
Système expert
Un système expert est un outil capable de reproduire les mécanismes cognitifs d'un expert, dans un domaine particulier. Il s'agit de l'une des voies tentant d'aboutir à l'intelligence artificielle. Plus précisément, un système expert est un logiciel capable de répondre à des questions, en effectuant un raisonnement à partir de faits et de règles connues. Il peut servir notamment comme outil d'aide à la décision. Le premier système expert a été Dendral. Il permettait d'identifier les constituants chimiques.
Motion detection
Motion detection is the process of detecting a change in the position of an object relative to its surroundings or a change in the surroundings relative to an object. It can be achieved by either mechanical or electronic methods. When it is done by natural organisms, it is called motion perception.
Positive-definite kernel
In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, a positive-definite kernel is a generalization of a positive-definite function or a positive-definite matrix. It was first introduced by James Mercer in the early 20th century, in the context of solving integral operator equations. Since then, positive-definite functions and their various analogues and generalizations have arisen in diverse parts of mathematics.
Digital biquad filter
In signal processing, a digital biquad filter is a second order recursive linear filter, containing two poles and two zeros. "Biquad" is an abbreviation of "biquadratic", which refers to the fact that in the Z domain, its transfer function is the ratio of two quadratic functions: The coefficients are often normalized such that a0 = 1: High-order infinite impulse response filters can be highly sensitive to quantization of their coefficients, and can easily become unstable.
Speaker recognition
Speaker recognition is the identification of a person from characteristics of voices. It is used to answer the question "Who is speaking?" The term voice recognition can refer to speaker recognition or speech recognition. Speaker verification (also called speaker authentication) contrasts with identification, and speaker recognition differs from speaker diarisation (recognizing when the same speaker is speaking).
Defuzzification
Defuzzification is the process of producing a quantifiable result in crisp logic, given fuzzy sets and corresponding membership degrees. It is the process that maps a fuzzy set to a crisp set. It is typically needed in fuzzy control systems. These systems will have a number of rules that transform a number of variables into a fuzzy result, that is, the result is described in terms of membership in fuzzy sets. For example, rules designed to decide how much pressure to apply might result in "Decrease Pressure (15%), Maintain Pressure (34%), Increase Pressure (72%)".