ImageNetImageNet est une base de données d'images annotées produit par l'organisation du même nom, à destination des travaux de recherche en vision par ordinateur. En 2016, plus de dix millions d'URLs ont été annotées à la main pour indiquer quels objets sont représentés dans l'image ; plus d'un million d'images bénéficient en plus de boîtes englobantes autour des objets. La base de données d'annotations sur des URL d'images tierces est disponible librement, ImageNet ne possédant cependant pas les images elles-mêmes.
Data augmentationData augmentation is a technique in machine learning used to reduce overfitting when training a machine learning model, by training models on several slightly-modified copies of existing data. Oversampling and undersampling in data analysis#Oversampling techniques for classification problems When convolutional neural networks grew larger in mid-1990s, there often was not enough available data to train them, especially considering that some part of the overall dataset should be spared for later testing.
KerasKeras est une bibliothèque open source écrite en python. La bibliothèque Keras permet d'interagir avec les algorithmes de réseaux de neurones profonds et d'apprentissage automatique, notamment Tensorflow, Theano, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit ou PlaidML. Conçue pour permettre une expérimentation rapide avec les réseaux de neurones profonds, elle se concentre sur son ergonomie, sa modularité et ses capacites d’extension. Elle a été développée dans le cadre du projet ONEIROS (Open-ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System).
Rule-based machine learningRule-based machine learning (RBML) is a term in computer science intended to encompass any machine learning method that identifies, learns, or evolves 'rules' to store, manipulate or apply. The defining characteristic of a rule-based machine learner is the identification and utilization of a set of relational rules that collectively represent the knowledge captured by the system. This is in contrast to other machine learners that commonly identify a singular model that can be universally applied to any instance in order to make a prediction.
Incremental learningIn computer science, incremental learning is a method of machine learning in which input data is continuously used to extend the existing model's knowledge i.e. to further train the model. It represents a dynamic technique of supervised learning and unsupervised learning that can be applied when training data becomes available gradually over time or its size is out of system memory limits. Algorithms that can facilitate incremental learning are known as incremental machine learning algorithms.
Linear separabilityIn Euclidean geometry, linear separability is a property of two sets of points. This is most easily visualized in two dimensions (the Euclidean plane) by thinking of one set of points as being colored blue and the other set of points as being colored red. These two sets are linearly separable if there exists at least one line in the plane with all of the blue points on one side of the line and all the red points on the other side. This idea immediately generalizes to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces if the line is replaced by a hyperplane.
Growth functionThe growth function, also called the shatter coefficient or the shattering number, measures the richness of a set family. It is especially used in the context of statistical learning theory, where it measures the complexity of a hypothesis class. The term 'growth function' was coined by Vapnik and Chervonenkis in their 1968 paper, where they also proved many of its properties. It is a basic concept in machine learning. Let be a set family (a set of sets) and a set.
Predictive codingIn neuroscience, predictive coding (also known as predictive processing) is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then compared with the actual input signals from those senses. With the rising popularity of representation learning, the theory is being actively pursued and applied in machine learning and related fields.
PyTorchPyTorch est une bibliothèque logicielle Python open source d'apprentissage machine qui s'appuie sur développée par Meta. PyTorch est gouverné par la PyTorch Foundation. PyTorch permet d'effectuer les calculs tensoriels nécessaires notamment pour l'apprentissage profond (deep learning). Ces calculs sont optimisés et effectués soit par le processeur (CPU) soit, lorsque c'est possible, par un processeur graphique (GPU) supportant CUDA.
Labeled dataLabeled data is a group of samples that have been tagged with one or more labels. Labeling typically takes a set of unlabeled data and augments each piece of it with informative tags. For example, a data label might indicate whether a photo contains a horse or a cow, which words were uttered in an audio recording, what type of action is being performed in a video, what the topic of a news article is, what the overall sentiment of a tweet is, or whether a dot in an X-ray is a tumor.
