Prestressed structureIn structural engineering, a prestressed structure is a load-bearing structure whose overall integrity, stability and security depend, primarily, on prestressing: the intentional creation of permanent stresses in the structure for the purpose of improving its performance under various service conditions.
Sandwich theorySandwich theory describes the behaviour of a beam, plate, or shell which consists of three layers—two facesheets and one core. The most commonly used sandwich theory is linear and is an extension of first-order beam theory. The linear sandwich theory is of importance for the design and analysis of sandwich panels, which are of use in building construction, vehicle construction, airplane construction and refrigeration engineering. Some advantages of sandwich construction are: Sandwich cross sections are composite.
Framing (construction)Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass wall construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log building, masonry, rammed earth, adobe, etc. are used without framing.
I-beamI-beam is a generic lay term for a variety of structural members with an or -shaped cross-section. Technical terms for similar items include H-beam (for universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian and German). I-beams are typically made of structural steel and serve a wide variety of construction uses. The horizontal elements of the are called flanges, and the vertical element is known as the "web".
Tablier (pont)A deck is the surface of a bridge. A structural element of its superstructure, it may be constructed of concrete, steel, open grating, or wood. Sometimes the deck is covered by a railroad bed and track, asphalt concrete, or other form of pavement for ease of vehicle crossing. A concrete deck may be an integral part of the bridge structure (T-beam or double tee structure) or it may be supported with I-beams or steel girders. When a bridge deck is installed in a through truss, it is sometimes called a floor system.
WaterproofingWaterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths. Water-resistant and waterproof often refer to resistance to penetration of water in its liquid state and possibly under pressure, whereas damp proof refers to resistance to humidity or dampness.
Truss arch bridgeA truss arch bridge combines the elements of the truss bridge and the arch bridge. The actual resolution of forces will depend upon the bridge' design. If no horizontal thrusting forces are generated, this becomes an arch-shaped truss which is essentially a bent beam – see moon bridge for an example. If horizontal thrust is generated but the apex of the arch is a pin joint, this is termed as a three-hinged arch. If no hinge exists at the apex, it will normally be a two-hinged arch.
Viaducvignette|Viaduc traversant le lac de retenue du barrage Béni Haroun dans la wilaya de Mila en Algérie. vignette|Viaduc de Garabit, France, ouvrage ferroviaire métallique de , traversant la Truyère construit par la société Gustave Eiffel en 1884. vignette|Viaduc de Salta, Argentine. Train des nuages. vignette|Viaduc ferroviaire de Villers-la-Ville, Belgique.
Toitvignette|Les Hospices de Beaune : les toits en tuile vernissée de Bourgogne multicolores à losanges de l'Hôtel-Dieu sont typiques de la Bourgogne. vignette|droite|Vue sur les toits de Prague. vignette|droite|Toits plats et dômes de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, en Tunisie. vignette|droite|Toits au Viêt Nam. vignette|droite|Toit bourguignon en tuiles plates, Avallon. Le toit est la surface ou couverture couvrant la partie supérieure d'un édifice, permettant principalement de protéger son intérieur contre les intempéries et l'humidité.
Coefficient de sécuritévignette|Détermination d'un coefficient de sécurité de 3 dans un diagramme de déformation à la contrainte. Un coefficient de sécurité est un paramètre permettant de surdimensionner des dispositifs pour prendre en compte des utilisations exceptionnelles, des contraintes imprévues ou des défaillances. Lorsque l'on conçoit un dispositif, il faut s'assurer qu'il remplisse ses fonctions sans risque. Il faut pour cela connaître la charge à laquelle il sera soumis.
