Resonant interactionIn nonlinear systems, a resonant interaction is the interaction of three or more waves, usually but not always of small amplitude. Resonant interactions occur when a simple set of criteria coupling wave-vectors and the dispersion equation are met. The simplicity of the criteria make technique popular in multiple fields. Its most prominent and well-developed forms appear in the study of gravity waves, but also finds numerous applications from astrophysics and biology to engineering and medicine.
Noms des grands nombresLes noms des grands nombres sont des systèmes de dérivation lexicale qui permettent de nommer des nombres au-delà du langage courant. Dans les langues occidentales modernes, les grands nombres sont généralement nommés d'après l'un ou l'autre des deux systèmes incompatibles suivants : les échelles longue et courte. Ces deux systèmes définissent différemment les mots « billion », « trillion », « quadrillion » L'échelle longue définit aussi les noms « billiard », « trilliard », « quadrilliard » L'usage a souvent varié, même dans un pays donné, suivant les époques.
Régularité (perception)thumb|Carreaux de faïence d'Iznik (seconde moitié du , Musée du Louvre, Département des arts de l'Islam). La nature, les arts et techniques et les abstractions peuvent présenter des régularités, qu'on désigne en anglais par le mot pattern. La traduction de pattern en français varie beaucoup selon le contexte. On peut le traduire notamment par patron (dont il est issu étymologiquement), modèle, forme, motif, schéma, structure ou régularité. Les éléments d'une régularité se répètent de façon prévisible.
CommercializationCommercialization or commercialisation is the process of introducing a new product or production method into commerce—making it available on the market. The term often connotes especially entry into the mass market (as opposed to entry into earlier niche markets), but it also includes a move from the laboratory into (even limited) commerce. Many technologies begin in a research and development laboratory or in an inventor's workshop and may not be practical for commercial use in their infancy (as prototypes).
Anomalous diffusionAnomalous diffusion is a diffusion process with a non-linear relationship between the mean squared displacement (MSD), , and time. This behavior is in stark contrast to Brownian motion, the typical diffusion process described by Einstein and Smoluchowski, where the MSD is linear in time (namely, with d being the number of dimensions and D the diffusion coefficient). Examples of anomalous diffusion in nature have been observed in biology in the cell nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
Engineering design processThe engineering design process, also known as the engineering method, is a common series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes. The process is highly iterative - parts of the process often need to be repeated many times before another can be entered - though the part(s) that get iterated and the number of such cycles in any given project may vary. It is a decision making process (often iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective.
ComplexitéLa complexité caractérise le comportement d'un système dont les composants interagissent localement et de façon non linéaire, ce qui se traduit par un comportement difficilement prédictible. La complexité peut donc caractériser un système "composé d'un grand nombre d'éléments interagissant sans coordination centrale, sans plan établi par un architecte, et menant spontanément à l'émergence de structures complexes" (Alain Barrat, directeur de recherche au Centre de physique théorique de Marseille); mais aussi caractériser des systèmes composés de peu d'éléments (voir le chaos déterministe).
Adaptive systemAn adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology. Feedback loops represent a key feature of adaptive systems, such as ecosystems and individual organisms; or in the human world, communities, organizations, and families.
Invariant measureIn mathematics, an invariant measure is a measure that is preserved by some function. The function may be a geometric transformation. For examples, circular angle is invariant under rotation, hyperbolic angle is invariant under squeeze mapping, and a difference of slopes is invariant under shear mapping. Ergodic theory is the study of invariant measures in dynamical systems. The Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem proves the existence of invariant measures under certain conditions on the function and space under consideration.
Enterprise systems engineeringEnterprise systems engineering (ESE) is the discipline that applies systems engineering to the design of an enterprise. As a discipline, it includes a body of knowledge, principles, and processes tailored to the design of enterprise systems. An enterprise is a complex, socio-technical system that comprises interdependent resources of people, information, and technology that must interact to fulfill a common mission.
