Frost heavingFrost heaving (or a frost heave) is an upwards swelling of soil during freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface, upwards from the depth in the soil where freezing temperatures have penetrated into the soil (the freezing front or freezing boundary). Ice growth requires a water supply that delivers water to the freezing front via capillary action in certain soils. The weight of overlying soil restrains vertical growth of the ice and can promote the formation of lens-shaped areas of ice within the soil.
PingoUn pingo est une colline de glace recouverte de terre et qui se rencontre dans les régions arctiques, subarctiques et antarctiques. « Pingo » est un mot inuit désignant une petite colline en forme de cône. Le terme pingo a été mentionné la première fois en 1938 par un botaniste spécialiste de l'arctique : A.E. Porsild. En son honneur, un pingo porte son nom dans le delta de la Mackenzie. Les plus grands pingos peuvent atteindre de hauteur et de largeur mais la largeur moyenne est de .
PeriglaciationPeriglaciation (adjective: "periglacial", referring to places at the edges of glacial areas) describes geomorphic processes that result from seasonal thawing and freezing, very often in areas of permafrost. The meltwater may refreeze in ice wedges and other structures. "Periglacial" originally suggested an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes also outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere when freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner.
MireA mire, peatland, or quagmire is a wetland area dominated by living peat-forming plants. Mires arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, due to water-logging and subsequent anoxia. All types of mires share the common characteristic of being saturated with water, at least seasonally with actively forming peat, while having their own ecosystem. Like coral reefs, mires are unusual landforms that derive mostly from biological rather than physical processes, and can take on characteristic shapes and surface patterning.
Dernier maximum glaciairevignette|redresse=1.7|Les calottes glaciaires continentales sont en gris. Les températures de surface des océans les plus basses sont en bleu, aux hautes latitudes ; en jaune, celles des océans tropicaux, inférieures de 2°C à 3°C par rapport à l'époque actuelle Le dernier maximum glaciaire (DMG) est la période au cours de laquelle le froid a atteint son ampleur maximale, à la fin de la dernière période glaciaire. Il est marqué par une extension extrême des calottes de glace et par un niveau des mers minimal.
