Résumé
Grasshoppers are a group of insects belonging to the suborder Caelifera. They are among what is possibly the most ancient living group of chewing herbivorous insects, dating back to the early Triassic around 250 million years ago. Grasshoppers are typically ground-dwelling insects with powerful hind legs which allow them to escape from threats by leaping vigorously. Their front leg is shorter and used for grasping food. As hemimetabolous insects, they do not undergo complete metamorphosis; they hatch from an egg into a nymph or "hopper" which undergoes five moults, becoming more similar to the adult insect at each developmental stage. The grasshopper hears through the tympanal organ which can be found in the first segment of the abdomen attached to the thorax; while its sense of vision is in the compound eyes, the change in light intensity is perceived in the simple eyes (ocelli). At high population densities and under certain environmental conditions, some grasshopper species can change color and behavior and form swarms. Under these circumstances, they are known as locusts. Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in the millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predators by camouflage; when detected, many species attempt to startle the predator with a brilliantly coloured wing flash while jumping and (if adult) launching themselves into the air, usually flying for only a short distance. Other species such as the rainbow grasshopper have warning coloration which deters predators. Grasshoppers are affected by parasites and various diseases, and many predatory creatures feed on both nymphs and adults. The eggs are subject to attack by parasitoids and predators. Grasshoppers are diurnal insects—meaning, they are most active during the day time. Grasshoppers have had a long relationship with humans. Swarms of locusts can have devastating effects and cause famine, having done so since Biblical times.
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Insecte
Les Insectes () sont une classe d'animaux invertébrés de l'embranchement des Arthropodes et du sous-embranchement des Hexapodes. Ils sont caractérisés par un corps segmenté en trois tagmes (tête possédant des pièces buccales externes, une paire d'antennes et au moins une paire d'yeux composés ; thorax pourvu de trois paires de pattes articulées et deux paires d'ailes plus ou moins modifiées ; abdomen dépourvu d'appendices) contenant au maximum 11 segments protégés par une cuticule formant un exosquelette composé de chitine et pourvu de trachées respiratoires.
Nymphe (biologie)
Pupe En biologie, la nymphe est le stade de développement intermédiaire entre la larve et l'imago lors des mues de métamorphose, notamment chez les insectes holométaboles. Le stade nymphal commence donc par la mue d'une larve en nymphe (mue nymphale ou nymphose) et se termine par la mue de la nymphe en imago (mue imaginale ou mue adulte). Une des caractéristiques de la nymphe est qu'elle ne se nourrit pas (ses pièces buccales et son tube digestif subissent aussi une métamorphose) et qu'elle vit sur ses réserves.
Swarm behaviour
Swarm behaviour, or swarming, is a collective behaviour exhibited by entities, particularly animals, of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps moving en masse or migrating in some direction. It is a highly interdisciplinary topic. As a term, swarming is applied particularly to insects, but can also be applied to any other entity or animal that exhibits swarm behaviour.
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