Virtue epistemology is a current philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual and specifically epistemic virtues. Virtue epistemology evaluates knowledge according to the properties of the persons who hold beliefs in addition to or instead of the properties of the propositions and beliefs. Some advocates of virtue epistemology also adhere to theories of virtue ethics, while others see only loose analogy between virtue in ethics and virtue in epistemology.
Intellectual virtue has been a subject of philosophy since the work of Aristotle, but virtue epistemology is a development in the modern analytic tradition. It is characterized by efforts to solve problems of special concern to modern epistemology, such as justification and reliabilism, by focusing on the knower as agent in a manner similar to how virtue ethics focuses on moral agents rather than moral acts.
The area has a parallel in the theory of Unity of knowledge and action proposed by Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming
Virtue epistemology was partly inspired by a recent renewal of interest in virtue concepts among moral philosophers, and partly as a response to the intractability of the competing analyses of knowledge that arose in response to Edmund Gettier. Ernest Sosa introduced intellectual virtue into contemporary epistemological discussion in a 1980 paper called "The Raft and the Pyramid".
Sosa argued that an appeal to intellectual virtue could resolve the conflict between foundationalists and coherentists over the structure of epistemic justification. Foundationalism holds that beliefs are founded or based on other beliefs in a hierarchy, similar to the bricks in the structure of a pyramid. Coherentism, on the other hand, uses the metaphor of a raft in which all beliefs are not tied down by foundations but instead are interconnected due to the logical relationships between each belief. Sosa found a flaw in each of these schools of epistemology, in both cases having to do with the relationship between belief and perception.
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Definitions of knowledge try to determine the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis of knowledge. Some general features of knowledge are widely accepted among philosophers, for example, that it constitutes a cognitive success or an epistemic contact with reality and that propositional knowledge involves true belief. Most definitions of knowledge in analytic philosophy focus on propositional knowledge or knowledge-that, as in knowing that Dave is at home, in contrast to knowledge-how (know-how) expressing practical competence.
La pensée critique (traduction littérale de l'anglais critical thinking, rendu plus souvent par esprit critique) est un concept dont les définitions sont nombreuses et parfois contradictoires, qui désigne, dans les grandes lignes, les capacités et attitudes permettant des raisonnements rigoureux afin d'atteindre un objectif, ou d'analyser des faits pour formuler un jugement. Son utilisation est particulièrement mise en avant en pédagogie.
La philosophie, du grec ancien (composé de , « aimer », et de , « sagesse, savoir »), signifiant littéralement « amour du savoir » et communément « amour de la sagesse », est une démarche qui vise à une compréhension du monde et de la vie par une réflexion rationnelle et critique. Cette réflexion n’est pas pour autant le propre d’un homme en particulier mais de tout homme dans sa dimension proprement humaine même si certains penseurs en ont fait le cœur de leur activité.
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