Adjective phraseAn adjective phrase (or adjectival phrase) is a phrase whose head is an adjective. Almost any grammar or syntax textbook or dictionary of linguistics terminology defines the adjective phrase in a similar way, e.g. Kesner Bland (1996:499), Crystal (1996:9), Greenbaum (1996:288ff.), Haegeman and Guéron (1999:70f.), Brinton (2000:172f.), Jurafsky and Martin (2000:362). The adjective can initiate the phrase (e.g. fond of steak), conclude the phrase (e.g. very happy), or appear in a medial position (e.g.
Typologie linguistiqueLa typologie linguistique est une branche de la linguistique et un mode de classification des langues, qui s’occupe de l’établissement de groupes selon certains traits structurels communs, par lesquels ils se distinguent. Cette typologie diffère d’autres modes de classification des langues. L’une est généalogique, concernant l’étude comparative historique des ressemblances et différences entre langues apparentées, établissant des classes généalogiques (familles de langues et branches à l’intérieur de celles-ci).
RectionEn grammaire traditionnelle, la rection est, dans certaines langues, un processus par lequel, dans un rapport syntaxique de subordination, un mot (le régissant) impose à un autre mot (le régi) un certain moyen de réalisation du rapport. Ce moyen dépend de la langue en question et du sens du régissant, pouvant être de nature seulement analytique (une adposition), seulement synthétique (une certaine désinence casuelle) ou analytique et synthétique à la fois.
Scrambling (linguistics)Scrambling is a syntactic phenomenon wherein sentences can be formulated using a variety of different word orders without any change in meaning. Scrambling often results in a discontinuity since the scrambled expression can end up at a distance from its head. Scrambling does not occur in English, but it is frequent in languages with freer word order, such as German, Russian, Persian and Turkic languages. The term was coined by Haj Ross in his 1967 dissertation and is widely used in present work, particularly with the generative tradition.
Nonfinite verbA nonfinite verb is a derivative form of a verb contrasted against finite verb forms in that they lack inflection for number or person, and in that they cannot perform action as the root of an independent clause. In English, nonfinite verbs include infinitives, participles and gerunds. Nonfinite verb forms in some other languages include converbs, gerundives and supines. The categories of mood, tense, and or voice may be absent from non-finite verb forms in some languages.
ExtrapositionExtraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting, which does not generate a discontinuity. The extraposed constituent is separated from its governor by one or more words that dominate its governor. Two types of extraposition are acknowledged in theoretical syntax: standard cases where extraposition is optional and it-extraposition where extraposition is obligatory.
TreebankIn linguistics, a treebank is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data. The term treebank was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech in the 1980s, by analogy to other repositories such as a seedbank or bloodbank. This is because both syntactic and semantic structure are commonly represented compositionally as a tree structure.
Grammaire lexicale-fonctionnelleLe formalisme des grammaires lexicales-fonctionnelles (en anglais Lexical-Functional Grammars, d'où l'acronyme que nous utiliserons désormais, LFG) est un formalisme grammatical utilisé pour formaliser les langues naturelles. C'est un formalisme à décorations dont le formalisme squelette est celui des grammaires non contextuelles, et dont les décorations sont appelées structures fonctionnelles.
Théorie Sens-TexteLa Théorie Sens-Texte (Meaning-Text Theory) est un cadre linguistique théorique pour la construction de modèles des langues naturelles. Cette théorie fournit une partition de la modélisation d’un énoncé en niveaux de représentation : Phonologique / phonétique Morphologique Syntaxique Sémantique Des transformations entre ces niveaux de représentation permettent de naviguer d'un texte vers son sens, et réciproquement. La théorie postule que les langues sont définies par la façon dont leurs éléments (les unités lexicales) sont combinés par des fonctions lexicales.
Determiner phraseIn linguistics, a determiner phrase (DP) is a type of phrase headed by a determiner such as many. Controversially, many approaches, take a phrase like not very many apples to be a DP, headed, in this case, by the determiner many. This is called the DP analysis or the DP hypothesis. Others reject this analysis in favor of the more traditional NP (noun phrase or nominal phrase) analysis where apples would be the head of the phrase in which the DP not very many is merely a dependent.
