Evolutionary radiationAn evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity that is caused by elevated rates of speciation, that may or may not be associated with an increase in morphological disparity. Radiations may affect one clade or many, and be rapid or gradual; where they are rapid, and driven by a single lineage's adaptation to their environment, they are termed adaptive radiations. Perhaps the most familiar example of an evolutionary radiation is that of placental mammals immediately after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 million years ago.
Sponge spiculeSpicules are structural elements found in most sponges. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton and thus it provides structural support and potentially defense against predators. Sponge spicules are made of calcium carbonate or silica. Large spicules visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres. The composition, size, and shape of spicules are major characters in sponge systematics and taxonomy.
Segmentation (biology)Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments. This article focuses on the segmentation of animal body plans, specifically using the examples of the taxa Arthropoda, Chordata, and Annelida. These three groups form segments by using a "growth zone" to direct and define the segments. While all three have a generally segmented body plan and use a growth zone, they use different mechanisms for generating this patterning.
Form classificationForm classification is the classification of organisms based on their morphology, which does not necessarily reflect their biological relationships. Form classification, generally restricted to palaeontology, reflects uncertainty; the goal of science is to move "form taxa" to biological taxa whose affinity is known. Form taxonomy is restricted to fossils that preserve too few characters for a conclusive taxonomic definition or assessment of their biological affinity, but whose study is made easier if a binomial name is available by which to identify them.
Petits fossiles coquilliersAu Cambrien inférieur évolue une faible diversité de métazoaires possédant : une coquille, un exosquelette (squelette externe) tubulaire ou conique, des plaques de protection, une carapace, des sclérites (parties externes durcies ou composées de chitine d'animaux à corps mous, ou pièces dérivées de la paroi du corps, limitée par des sutures), des spicules (aiguillon siliceux ou calcaire constitutif du squelette des éponges). Ces éléments sont appelés S.S.F.s (Small Shelly Fossils ou petits fossiles coquilliers) et furent très répandus dans le monde.
Explosion d'Avalonvignette|Exemple de faune de l'Ediacarien : Tribrachidium heraldicum L'explosion d'Avalon, ou explosion d'Avalonia, désigne la radiation évolutive intervenue il y a (millions d'années) durant l'Édiacarien, qui a donné les organismes multicellulaires complexes et macroscopiques connus sous le nom de faune d'Ediacara. Ce moment évolutif apparaît semblable, mais indépendant, à l'explosion cambrienne qui aura lieu 33 millions d'années plus tard, par la relative rapidité de la diversification morphologique attestée par les fossiles précambriens.
Milliard ennuyeuxvignette|500x500px|Le taux d'oxygène dans l'atmosphère reste stable autour de 1 % pendant le Milliard ennuyeux (échelle logarithmique) Le Milliard ennuyeux (de l'anglais Boring billion), ou Grande discordance (Great unconformity), désigne une période de l'histoire de la Terre d'environ un milliard d'années, entre , caractérisée par une stabilité tectonique, une stase climatique (relative stabilité de l'environnement atmosphérique) et une évolution biologique apparemment lente avec des niveaux d'oxygène très
