Propaganda techniques

Résumé

A number of propaganda techniques based on social psychological research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be classified as logical fallacies, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. Propaganda techniques emerge from abusive power and control tactics. General character Definition In their book Propaganda and Persuasion, authors Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell define Propaganda as the "deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist". Harold D. Laswell's definition targets even more precisely the technical aspect: "Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing human action by the manipulation of representations. These representations may take spoken, written, pictorial or musical form." Manipulation can be organized or unorgani

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_techniques

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De l’autosuffisance à la sécurité alimentaire. Notes sur l’expérience suisse en vue d’une transition territoriale

Elena Cogato Lanza, Marine Françoise Jeannine Villaret

La sécurité alimentaire constitue l’un des trois enjeux fondamentaux d’une transition urbaine et territoriale, les deux autres concernant la biodiver- sité et la densité. En Suisse, la sécurité alimentaire représente un horizon dont les contenus, modalités et acteurs restent encore à définir. Pour une mise en débat de cet horizon, il est particulièrement pertinent d’établir une symétrie critique entre la politique de l’autosuffisance alimentaire des années 1940 et le thème de la sécurité future, en discutant notamment des techniques, pratiques, instruments légaux et acteurs. L’enjeu est celui des conditions matérielles, techniques, sociales et politiques d’une nouvelle écologie.

2019

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Semantic document annotation may be useful for many tasks. In particular, in the framework of the MDM project(http://www.issco.unige.ch/projects/im2/mdm/), topical annotation -- i.e. the annotation of document segments with tags identifying the topics discussed in the segments -- is used to enhance the retrieval of multimodal meeting records. Indeed, with such an annotation, meeting retrieval can integrate topics in the search criteria offered to the users. Contrarily to standard approaches to topic annotation, the technique used in this work does not centraly rely on some sort of -- possibly statistical -- keyword extraction. In fact, the proposed annotation algorithm uses a large scale semantic database -- the EDR Electronic Dictionary(http://www.iijnet.or.jp/edr/) -- that provides a concept hierarchy based on hyponym and hypernym relations.This concept hierarchy is used to generate a synthetic representation of the document by aggregating the words present in topically homogeneous document segments into a set of concepts preserving the document's content. The identification of the topically homogeneous segments -- often called Text Tiling -- is performed to ease the computation as the algorithm will work on smaller text fragments. In addition, it is believed to improve the precision of the extraction as it is performed on topically homogeneous segments. For this task, a standard techniques -- proposed by \cite{richmond97detecting} -- relying on similarity computation based on vector space representations have been implemented. Hence, the main challenge in the project was to create a novel topic identification algorithm, based on the available semantic resource, that produces good results when applied on the automatically generated segments. This new extraction technique uses an unexplored approach to topic selection. Instead of using semantic similarity measures based on a semantic resource, the later is processed to extract the part of the conceptual hierarchy relevant to the document content. Then this conceptual hierarchy is searched to extract the most interesting set of concepts to represent the topics discussed in the document. Notice that this algorithm is able to extract generic concept that are not directly present in the document. The segmentation algorithm was evaluated on the Reuters corpus, composed of 806'791 news items. These items were aggregated to construct a virtual document where the algorithm had to detect boundaries. These automatically generated segments were then compared to the initial news items and a metric has been developed to evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm. The proposed approach for topic extraction was experimentally tested and evaluated on a database of 238 documents corresponding to bibliographic descriptions extracted from the INSPEC database(http://www.iee.org/publish/inspec/). A novel evaluation metric was designed to take into account the fact that the topics associated with the INSPEC descriptions -- taken as the golden truth for the evaluation -- were not directly produced based on the EDR dictionary, and therefore needed to be approximated by the available entries. Alltogether, the combination of existing document segmentation methods -- i.e text tiling -- with novel topic identification ones leads to an additional document annotation useful for more robust retrieval.

2004

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Competition on Counter Measures to 2-D Facial Spoofing Attacks

André Anjos, Murali Mohan Chakka, Sébastien Marcel, Zhiwei Zhang

Spoofing identities using photographs is one of the most common techniques to attack 2-D face recognition systems. There seems to exist no comparative studies of different techniques using the same protocols and data. The motivation behind this competition is to compare the performance of different state-of-the-art algorithms on the same database using a unique evaluation method. Six different teams from universities around the world have participated in the contest. Use of one or multiple techniques from motion, texture analysis and liveness detection appears to be the common trend in this competition. Most of the algorithms are able to clearly separate spoof attempts from real accesses. The results suggest the investigation of more complex attacks.

2011

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2004