MaharlikaThe maharlika (meaning freeman or freedman) were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society in Luzon, the Philippines. They belonged to the lower nobility class similar to the timawa of the Visayan people. In modern Filipino, however, the word has come to refer to aristocrats or to royal nobility, which was actually restricted to the hereditary maginoo class. Barangay state and History of the Philippines (900-1565) The maharlika were a martial class of freemen.
Tondo (historical polity)In early Philippine history, the Tagalog settlement at Tondo (tunˈdo; Baybayin: ) ) sometimes referred to as the Kingdom of Tondo, was a major trade hub located on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, on Luzon island. Together with Maynila, the polity (bayan) that was also situated on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, had established a shared monopoly on the trade of Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine archipelago, making it an established force in trade throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia.
TimawaThe timawa were the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of the Philippines. They were regarded as higher than the uripon (commoners, serfs, and slaves) but below the tumao (royal nobility) in the Visayan social hierarchy. They were roughly similar to the Tagalog maharlika caste. The term later lost its military and nobility connotations and was demoted to mean "freemen" during the Spanish conquest of the Philippines.
Cebu (historical polity)Cebu, or Sugbu, also called the Cebu Rajanate, was an Indianized raja (monarchical) mandala (polity) on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. It is known in ancient Chinese records as the nation of Sokbu (束務). According to Visayan oral legend, it was founded by Sri Lumay or Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Tamil Chola dynasty. He was sent by the Chola Dynasty emperor from southern India to establish a base for expeditionary forces, but he rebelled and established his own independent polity.
Precolonial barangayIn early Philippine history, barangay is the term historically used by scholars to describe the complex sociopolitical units which were the dominant organizational pattern among the various peoples of the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately before the arrival of European colonizers. Academics refer to these settlements using the technical term "polity", but they are usually simply called "barangays." Some barangays were well-organized independent villages, consisting of thirty to a hundred households.
DatuDatu is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The title is still used today, though not as much as early Philippine history. It is a cognate of ratu in several other Austronesian languages. Barangay state and History of the Philippines (900-1565) In early Philippine history, datus and a small group of their close relatives formed the "apex stratum" of the traditional three-tier social hierarchy of lowland Philippine societies.
Lapu-LapuLapu-Lapu (1491-1542) ou roi de Kalipulako régnait sur l'île de Mactan dans l'archipel des Visayas, aux Philippines. Il entra dans la légende pour avoir été le premier responsable tribal à avoir résisté à la Colonisation des Philippines par les Espagnols. En effet, invité par son suzerain, le roi Humabon de Cebu, à accepter le Baptême requis par Fernand de Magellan, il a l'intuition qu'il doit plutôt s'agir de faire acte d'allégeance à des étrangers. C'est pourquoi il décline la christianisation.
Tagalog (ethnie)thumb|Costumes Tagalog au début du . Aventures d'un gentilhomme breton aux îles Philippines, par Paul de La Gironière, 1855. Les Tagalog sont l'une des principales ethnies des Philippines, avec autour de d'habitants. Leur nom provient du terme local taga ilog, qui signifie « ceux qui vivent près de la (ou d'une) rivière », ou « ceux qui viennent de la rivière ». Cette ethnie est majoritaire dans les provinces d'Aurora, Bataan, Batangas (qui serait leur région d'origine), Cavite, Bulacain, Laguna, Grand Manille, Nueva Ecija, Mindoro occidental, Mindoro oriental, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Marinduque et Rizal.
BisayaOn appelle Bisaya les populations des régions centrale et méridionale des Philippines. Plus de 40 % des Philippins sont d'origine Bisaya. Les Bisaya appellent leurs langues respectives binisaya. Sur le plan linguistique, on appelle langues bisayas un sous-groupe dans le rameau des langues philippines de la branche malayo-polynésienne des langues austronésiennes. Les principales langues de ce sous-groupe sont le cebuano, l'ilongo, le waray-waray et le tausug. Il ne faut pas confondre les Bisaya des Philippines avec les , dans le nord de l'île de Bornéo.
Filipino shamansFilipino shamans, commonly known as babaylan (also balian or katalonan, among many other names), were shamans of the various ethnic groups of the pre-colonial Philippine islands. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the spirits of the dead and the spirits of nature. They were almost always women or feminized men (asog or bayok). They were believed to have spirit guides, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (anito or diwata) and the spirit world.
