Elastic scattering is a form of particle scattering in scattering theory, nuclear physics and particle physics. In this process, the kinetic energy of a particle is conserved in the center-of-mass frame, but its direction of propagation is modified (by interaction with other particles and/or potentials) meaning the two particles in the collision do not lose energy. Furthermore, while the particle's kinetic energy in the center-of-mass frame is constant, its energy in the lab frame is not. Generally, elastic scattering describes a process in which the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved. During elastic scattering of high-energy subatomic particles, linear energy transfer (LET) takes place until the incident particle's energy and speed has been reduced to the same as its surroundings, at which point the particle is "stopped".
When the incident particle, such as an alpha particle or electron, is diffracted in the Coulomb potential of atoms and molecules, the elastic scattering process is called Rutherford scattering. In many electron diffraction techniques like reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), transmission electron diffraction (TED), and gas electron diffraction (GED), where the incident electrons have sufficiently high energy (>10 keV), the elastic electron scattering becomes the main component of the scattering process and the scattering intensity is expressed as a function of the momentum transfer defined as the difference between the momentum vector of the incident electron and that of the scattered electron.
In Thomson scattering a photon interacts with electrons (this is the low-energy limit of Compton scattering).
In Rayleigh scattering a photon penetrates into a medium composed of particles whose sizes are much smaller than the wavelength of the incident photon. In this scattering process, the energy (and therefore the wavelength) of the incident photon is conserved and only its direction is changed. In this case, the scattering intensity is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the reciprocal wavelength of the incident photon.
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La diffusion profondément inélastique est un processus de diffusion entre particules. Ce processus est notamment utilisé pour sonder l'intérieur des hadrons, et en particulier les nucléons, à l'aide d'un faisceau de leptons (électrons, muons ou neutrinos). Le lepton incident vient interagir avec une partie du hadron par l'intermédiaire d'un boson (par exemple un photon virtuel).
vignette|400px|Graphique des fonctions de densité de probabilité de vitesse de la vitesse de quelques gaz nobles à une température de (). Des distributions de vitesse similaires sont obtenues pour des neutrons modérés. La température neutronique, aussi appelée par métonymie « énergie des neutrons », est l'énergie cinétique moyenne d'un neutron libre dans sa population, énergie qui est habituellement donnée en électron-volts (abréviation eV et ses multiples, keV, MeV), la température étant en kelvins (K) ou en degrés Celsius (°C).
La diffusion Raman, ou effet Raman, est un phénomène optique découvert indépendamment en 1928 par les physiciens Chandrashekhara Venkata Râman et Leonid Mandelstam. Cet effet consiste en la diffusion inélastique d'un photon, c'est-à-dire le phénomène physique par lequel un milieu peut modifier légèrement la fréquence de la lumière qui y circule. Ce décalage en fréquence correspond à un échange d'énergie entre le rayon lumineux et le milieu. Cet effet physique fut prédit par Adolf Smekal en 1923.
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