Symbiodinium

Symbiodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates that encompasses the largest and most prevalent group of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates known. These unicellular microalgae commonly reside in the endoderm of tropical cnidarians such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, where the products of their photosynthetic processing are exchanged in the host for inorganic molecules. They are also harbored by various species of demosponges, flatworms, mollusks such as the giant clams, foraminifera (soritids), and some ciliates. Generally, these dinoflagellates enter the host cell through phagocytosis, persist as intracellular symbionts, reproduce, and disperse to the environment. The exception is in most mollusks, where these symbionts are intercellular (between the cells). Cnidarians that are associated with Symbiodinium occur mostly in warm oligotrophic (nutrient-poor), marine environments where they are often the dominant constituents of benthic communities. These dinoflagellates are therefore among the most abundant eukaryotic microbes found in coral reef ecosystems. Symbiodinium are colloquially called zooxanthellae, and animals symbiotic with algae in this genus are said to be "zooxanthellate". The term was loosely used to refer to any golden-brown endosymbionts, including diatoms and other dinoflagellates. Continued use of the term in the scientific literature is discouraged because of the confusion caused by overly generalizing taxonomically diverse symbiotic relationships. In 2018, the systematics of Symbiodiniaceae was revised, and the distinct clades have been reassigned into seven genera. Following this revision, the name Symbiodinium is now sensu stricto a genus name for only species that were previously classified as Clade A. The other clades were reclassified as distinct genera (see Molecular Systematics below). Many Symbiodinium species are known primarily for their role as mutualistic endosymbionts. In hosts, they usually occur in high densities, ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions per square centimeter.

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Acropora

Marine habitat

A marine habitat is a habitat that supports marine life. Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea (the term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an ecological or environmental area inhabited by one or more living species. The marine environment supports many kinds of these habitats. Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats are found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline out to the edge of the continental shelf.

Zooxanthelle

La zooxanthelle (« jaune des animaux » en grec), ou plus simplement xanthelle (« jaune » en grec, algue du genre Symbiodinium) est une algue unicellulaire, pouvant vivre en symbiose avec le corail, mais aussi avec les bénitiers, ainsi qu'avec de nombreuses espèces de méduses scyphozoaires, comme le genre Cassiopea ou Cotylorhiza par exemple, et chez d'autres animaux marins (Hydrozoaires, Limaces de mer, radiolaires, ciliées, démosponges, actinies...).

Biominéralisation : Structure du squelette et histoire évolutive

Explore la structure et la phylogénie des coraux scléractiniens, en mettant l'accent sur des critères taxonomiques fiables et la diversité micromorphologique.

Symbiose microbienne : comprendre les interactions et l’évolution HUM-275: Evolutionary psychology

Explore la symbiose microbienne, en se concentrant sur le commensalisme, le mutualisme et le parasitisme, et leur importance dans la santé mondiale et l'agriculture.

Metabolism of the symbiotic jellyfish Cassiopea in a changing environment

Gaëlle Delphine Toullec

Ocean warming and other anthropogenic impacts have led to a global decline in many photosymbiotic cnidarians, most notably reef-building corals. But some species of the symbiotic and (sub-)tropical upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea are increasingly reported ...

EPFL2023

Host starvation and in hospite degradation of algal symbionts shape the heat stress response of the Cassiopea-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis

Anders Meibom, Stéphane Laurent Escrig, Cristina Martin Olmos, Nils Rädecker, Guilhem Maurice Louis Banc-Prandi, Gaëlle Delphine Toullec, Christel Genoud

Global warming is causing large-scale disruption of cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae symbioses fundamental to major marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs. However, the mechanisms by which heat stress perturbs these symbiotic partnerships remain poorly understood ...

2023

Coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling regulates the cnidarian–algal symbiosis

Anders Meibom, Stéphane Laurent Escrig, Nils Rädecker

Efficient nutrient recycling underpins the ecological success of cnidarian-algal symbioses in oligotrophic waters. In these symbioses, nitrogen limitation restricts the growth of algal endosymbionts in hospite and stimulates their release of photosynthates ...

2023