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Concept
Ondansétron
Résumé
Ondansetron, sold under the brand name Zofran among others, is a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It is also effective for treating gastroenteritis. It can be given orally (by mouth), intramuscularly (injection into a muscle), or intravenously (injection into a vein).
Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation, headache, sleepiness, and itchiness. Serious side effects include QT prolongation and severe allergic reaction. It appears to be safe during pregnancy but has not been well studied in this group. It is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. It does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic receptors.
Ondansetron was patented in 1984 and approved for medical use in 1990. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 83rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8 million prescriptions.
Ondansetron is indicated for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Ondansetron is used off-label to treat morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum of pregnancy. It is typically used after other antinausea drugs have failed.
There appears to be a low risk of harm to the baby with use during pregnancy, though there may be an increase in heart problems among the babies.
Ondansetron is one of several antiemetic drugs used during the vomiting phase of cyclic vomiting syndrome.
Trials in emergency department settings support the use of ondansetron to reduce vomiting associated with gastroenteritis and dehydration. A retrospective review found it was used commonly for this purpose, being administered in over 58% of cases. Its use reduced hospital admissions, but was also associated with higher rates of return visits to the emergency department. Furthermore, people who had initially received ondansetron were more likely to be admitted on the return visit than people who had not received the drug.
Source officielle
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Concepts associés (17)
Nausée
La nausée (du grec ancien / naus, « navire ») est la sensation de mal-être et d'inconfort qui accompagne l'éventuelle approche des vomissements. Cet état est souvent accompagné de contractions de l’estomac, éventuellement préalables à un rejet du bol alimentaire dans l’œsophage préparant un vomissement. Ce n'est pas une maladie en soi, mais un symptôme qui peut être dû à différentes maladies ou médicaments et d'autres conditions, qui ne traduit pas forcément un malaise au niveau de l'estomac.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the phenomenon of nausea, vomiting, or retching experienced by a patient in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) or within 24 hours following a surgical procedure. PONV affects about 10% of the population undergoing general anaesthesia each year. PONV can be unpleasant and lead to a delay in mobilization and food, fluid, and medication intake following surgery. Emetogenic drugs commonly used in anaesthesia include nitrous oxide, physostigmine, and opioids.
Vomissement
Le est le rejet actif par la bouche d'une partie du contenu de l'estomac. C'est une action protectrice de l'organisme qui a pour but de protéger ce dernier contre l'ingestion de substances toxiques. Il se distingue de la qui, elle, est passive et consiste en une simple remontée du contenu gastrique vers l'arrière-gorge ou la cavité buccale. Le mécanisme du vomissement est essentiellement d'origine centrale : dans le tronc cérébral se trouve le centre du vomissement recevant des informations du cortex, de la pression des ventricules cérébraux, des viscères et d'une zone de chimiorécepteurs.