Dragagevignette|La drague Fort-Boyard (Charente-Maritime) vignette|219x219px|Dragage du Bassin d'Échouage du Vieux-Port de La Rochelle en 2000. vignette|La drague Daniel Laval au travail à l'estuaire de la Seine On appelle dragage l'opération qui consiste à extraire les matériaux situés sur le fond d'un plan d'eau.
ZooplanctonLe zooplancton (du grec ancien , « animal ») est un plancton animal. Il se nourrit de matière vivante, certaines espèces étant herbivores et d’autres carnivores. Il descend pendant la nuit vers des eaux plus profondes, et remonte pendant la journée vers la surface, pour se nourrir de phytoplancton attiré par la lumière. Ce mouvement du zooplancton (dit de migration verticale quotidienne) suit un rythme nycthéméral commandé par la lumière du Soleil.
Marine invertebratesMarine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats. Invertebrate is a blanket term that includes all animals apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum. Invertebrates lack a vertebral column, and some have evolved a shell or a hard exoskeleton. As on land and in the air, marine invertebrates have a large variety of body plans, and have been categorised into over 30 phyla. They make up most of the macroscopic life in the oceans.
Particulate inorganic carbonParticulate inorganic carbon (PIC) can be contrasted with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. These distinctions are important in chemical oceanography. Particulate inorganic carbon is sometimes called suspended inorganic carbon. In operational terms, it is defined as the inorganic carbon in particulate form that is too large to pass through the filter used to separate dissolved inorganic carbon. Most PIC is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, particularly in the form of calcite, but also in the form of aragonite.
Biogenous oozeBiogenous ooze is marine sediment that accumulates on the seafloor and is a byproduct of the death and sink of the skeletal remains of marine organisms. Biogenous ooze consists of organic compounds, usually in the form of microorganism tests that fall from closer to the ocean surface to the ocean floor after death. For marine sediment to receive this classification, it must be composed of more than 30% skeletal material which also includes teeth and shells.
Zone photiquethumb|right|250px|Diagramme des couches de la zone pélagique. La zone photique, aussi nommée zone euphotique, zone épipélagique ou couche photique, est la zone aquatique d’un lac ou d’un océan exposée à une lumière suffisante pour que la photosynthèse s'y produise. La profondeur de la zone photique peut être grandement affectée par la turbidité et la latitude. Elle s’étend jusqu’à une profondeur à laquelle l’intensité lumineuse résiduelle correspond à 1 % de celle en surface (également appelée « profondeur euphotique »).
CoccosphaeralesLes Coccosphaerales ou Coccolithophorales (du grec κοκκος «pépin», λίθος «pierre», φορος «porter» ) sont un ordre d'algues unicellulaires microscopiques appartenant à la classe des Prymnesiophyceae au sein du groupe des Haptophytes. L'accumulation de leur squelette fossilisé est le composant majoritaire de la craie. Elles font partie des Coccolithophoridés. Ce sont des organismes exclusivement marins, que l'on rencontre en milieu pélagique. Ces algues protègent leur unique cellule sous une couche de plaques de calcite généralement discoïdes appelées coccolithes.
Exploitation minière des fonds marinsDeep sea mining is a growing subfield of experimental seabed mining that involves the retrieval of minerals and deposits from the ocean floor found at depths of , up to . As of 2021, the majority of marine mining efforts are limited to shallow coastal waters only, where sand, tin and diamonds are more readily accessible. There are three types of deep sea mining that have generated great interest: polymetallic nodule mining, polymetallic sulphide mining, and the mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts.
Marine biogeochemical cyclesMarine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, substances and elements can be imported into or exported from the marine environment. These imports and exports can occur as exchanges with the atmosphere above, the ocean floor below, or as runoff from the land.
Marine protistsMarine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Life originated as marine single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and later evolved into more complex eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are the more developed life forms known as plants, animals, fungi and protists. Protists are the eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. They are mostly single-celled and microscopic.
