In quantum field theory, a false vacuum is a hypothetical vacuum that is relatively stable, but not in the most stable state possible. This condition is known as metastable. It may last for a very long time in that state, but could eventually decay to the more stable state, an event known as false vacuum decay. The most common suggestion of how such a decay might happen in our universe is called bubble nucleation – if a small region of the universe by chance reached a more stable vacuum, this "bubble" (also called "bounce") would spread.
A false vacuum exists at a local minimum of energy and is therefore not completely stable, in contrast to a true vacuum, which exists at a global minimum and is stable.
A vacuum is defined as a space with as little energy in it as possible. Despite the name, the vacuum still has quantum fields. A true vacuum is stable because it is at a global minimum of energy, and is commonly assumed to coincide with the physical vacuum state we live in. It is possible that a physical vacuum state is a configuration of quantum fields representing a local minimum but not global minimum of energy. This type of vacuum state is called a "false vacuum".
If our universe is in a false vacuum state rather than a true vacuum state, then the decay from the less stable false vacuum to the more stable true vacuum (called false vacuum decay) could have dramatic consequences. The effects could range from complete cessation of existing fundamental forces, elementary particles and structures comprising them, to subtle change in some cosmological parameters, mostly depending on the potential difference between true and false vacuum. Some false vacuum decay scenarios are compatible with survival of structures like galaxies and stars or even biological life while others involve the full destruction of baryonic matter or even immediate gravitational collapse of the universe, although in this more extreme case the likelihood of a "bubble" forming may be very low (i.e. false vacuum decay may be impossible).
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This course is an introduction to the non-perturbative bootstrap approach to Conformal Field Theory and to the Gauge/Gravity duality, emphasizing the fruitful interplay between these two ideas.
Presentation of the electroweak and strong interaction theories that constitute the Standard Model of particle physics. The course also discusses the new theories proposed to solve the problems of the
Couvre l'évolution de l'univers en mettant l'accent sur la matière et les contributions de rayonnement.
Explore l'expansion de Large N dans les modèles vectoriels, en se concentrant sur les modèles matriciels, les théories de jauge et le couplage Hooft.
Couvre la solution Schwarzschild, la constante cosmologique et la relativité générale comme théorie de champ efficace.
thumb|De gauche à droite : Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert et Brout, en 2010. Le boson de Higgs ou boson BEH, est une particule élémentaire dont l'existence, postulée indépendamment en juin 1964 par François Englert et Robert Brout, par Peter Higgs, en août, et par Gerald Guralnik, Carl Richard Hagen et Thomas Kibble, permet d'expliquer la brisure de l'interaction unifiée électrofaible (EWSB, pour l'anglais ) en deux interactions par l'intermédiaire du mécanisme de Brout-Englert-Higgs-Hagen-Guralnik-Kibble et d'expliquer ainsi pourquoi certaines particules ont une masse et d'autres n'en ont pas.
vignette|redresse=1.1|Répartition de la densité d'énergie de l'Univers après exploitation des premières données obtenues par le satellite Planck. L'énergie noire en serait la composante principale. En cosmologie, lénergie noire ou énergie sombre (dark energy) est une forme d'énergie hypothétique remplissant uniformément tout l'Univers et dotée d'une pression négative, elle se comporte comme une force gravitationnelle répulsive.
droite|redresse=1.2|vignette|L'expansion de l'Univers imagée par le gonflement d'un gâteau aux raisins. En cosmologie, l'expansion de l'Univers est le nom du phénomène qui voit à grande échelle les objets composant l'Univers (galaxies, amas...) s'éloigner les uns des autres. Cet écartement mutuel, que l'on pourrait prendre pour un mouvement des galaxies dans l'espace, s'interprète en réalité par un gonflement, une dilatation, de l'espace lui-même, les objets célestes étant de ce fait amenés à s'éloigner les uns des autres.
We revisit the effective field theory of the two Higgs doublet model at tree level. The introduction of a novel basis in the UV theory allows us to derive matching coefficients in the effective description that resum important contributions from the Higgs ...
SPRINGER2023
In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to ...
2024
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In this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe is derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant ...