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Concept

Amas globulaire

En astronomie, un amas globulaire est un amas stellaire très dense, contenant typiquement une centaine de milliers d'étoiles distribuées dans une sphère dont la taille varie d'une vingtaine à quelques centaines d'années-lumière. Leur densité est ainsi nettement plus élevée que celle des amas ouverts. Les étoiles de ces amas sont généralement des géantes rouges. On compte globulaires dans notre galaxie, la Voie lactée. Mais il en existe sans doute d'autres, qui restent indétectables parce que masqués par le disque galactique. Les amas globulaires font partie du halo galactique. Ils orbitent autour du centre galactique à une distance variant de . C'est par leur étude que Harlow Shapley, en 1918, a pu déterminer la position du Soleil au sein de la Galaxie. Comme les amas globulaires contiennent les étoiles les plus âgées d'une galaxie, ils contribuent également de façon importante à l'étude de l'évolution des étoiles et des galaxies. Formation La plupart des amas globulai

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Searching for globular cluster-like abundance patterns in young massive clusters - II. Results from the Antennae galaxies

Carmela Lardo

The presence of multiple populations (MPs) with distinctive light element abundances is a widespread phenomenon in clusters older than 6 Gyr. Clusters with masses, luminosities, and sizes comparable to those of ancient globulars are still forming today. None the less, the presence of light element variations has been poorly investigated in such young systems, even if the knowledge of the age at which this phenomenon develops is crucial for theoretical models on MPs. We use J-band integrated spectra of three young (7-40 Myr) clusters in NGC 4038 to look for Al variations indicative of MPs. Assuming that the large majority (>= 70 per cent) of stars are characterized by high Al content -as observed in Galactic clusters with comparable mass; we find that none of the studied clusters show significant Al variations. Small Al spreads have been measured in all the six young clusters observed in the near-infrared. While it is unlikely that young clusters only show low Al whereas old ones display different levels of Al variations; this suggests the possibility that MPs are not present at such young ages at least among the high-mass stellar component. Alternatively, the fraction of stars with field-like chemistry could be extremely large, mimicking low Al abundances in the integrated spectrum. Finally, since the near-infrared stellar continuum of young clusters is almost entirely due to luminous red supergiants, we can also speculate that MPs only manifest themselves in low-mass stars due to some evolutionary mechanism.

Oxford Univ Press2017

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Leveraging HST with MUSE: II. Na-abundance variations in intermediate age star clusters

Carmela Lardo

Ancient (>10 Gyr) globular clusters (GCs) show chemical abundance variations in the form of patterns among certain elements, e.g. N correlates with Na and anticorrelates with O. Recently, N abundance spreads have also been observed in massive star clusters that are significantly younger than old GCs, down to an age of similar to 2Gyr. However, so far N has been the only element found to vary in such young objects. We report here the presence of Na abundance variations in the intermediate age massive star clusters NGC 416 (similar to 6.5Gyr old) and Lindsay 1 (similar to 7.5Gyr old) in the Small Magellanic Cloud, by combining Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope MUSE observations. Using HST photometry, we were able to construct 'chromosome maps' and separate subpopulations with different N content, in the red giant branch of each cluster. MUSE spectra of individual stars belonging to each population were combined, resulting in high signal-to-noise spectra representative of each population, which were compared to search for mean differences in Na. We find a mean abundance variation of Delta[Na/Fe] = 0.18 +/- 0.04 dex for NGC 416 and Delta[Na/Fe] = 0.24 +/- 0.05 dex for Lindsay 1. In both clusters, we find that the population that is enhanced in N is also enhanced in Na, which is the same pattern to the one observed in ancient GCs. Furthermore, we detect a bimodal distribution of core-helium-burning red clump (RC) giants in the UV colour-magnitude diagram of NGC 416. A comparison of the stacked MUSE spectra of the two RCs shows the same mean Na abundance difference between the two populations. The results reported in this work are a crucial hint that star clusters of a large age range share the same origin: they are the same types of objects, but only separated in age.

OXFORD UNIV PRESS2020

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Searching for globular cluster chemical anomalies on the main sequence of a young massive cluster

Carmela Lardo

The spectroscopic and photometric signals of the star-to-star abundance variations found in globular clusters seem to be correlated with global parameters like the cluster's metallicity, mass, and age. Understanding this behaviour could bring us closer to the origin of these intriguing abundance spreads. In this work we use deep HST photometry to look for evidence of abundance variations in the main sequence of a young massive cluster NGC 419 (similar to 10(5) M-circle dot, similar to 1.4 Gyr). Unlike previous studies, here we focus on stars in the same mass range found in old globulars (similar to 0.75-1 M-circle dot), where light elements variations are detected. We find no evidence for N abundance variations among these stars in the Un - B and U - B colour-magnitude diagrams of NGC 419. This is at odds with the N variations found in old globulars like 47 Tuc, NGC 6352, and NGC 6637 with similar metallicity to NGC 419. Although the signature of the abundance variations characteristic of old globulars appears to be significantly smaller or absent in this young cluster, we cannot conclude if this effect is mainly driven by its age or its mass.

OXFORD UNIV PRESS2020

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PHYS-402: Astrophysics IV : observational cosmology

Cosmology is the study of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. This course describes the principal themes of cosmology, as seen from the point of view of observations.

PHYS-209: Astrophysics I: introduction to astrophysics

Ce cours décrit de façon simple les processus physiques qui expliquent l'univers dans lequel nous vivons. En couvrant une large gamme de sujets, le but du cours est aussi de donner un aperçu général des objets astrophysiques qui nous entourent.

PHYS-439: Introduction to astroparticle physics

We present the role of particle physics in cosmology and in the description of astrophysical phenomena. We also present the methods and technologies for the observation of cosmic particles.

Voie lactée

La Voie lactée, aussi nommée la Galaxie (avec une majuscule), est une galaxie spirale barrée qui comprend entre 200 et d'étoiles, et sans doute plus de de planètes. Elle abrite le Système solaire e

Galaxie

vignette|redresse=1.5|M51, la Galaxie du Tourbillon, un exemple typique de galaxie spirale. Une galaxie est une structure cosmique formée par le rassemblement d'étoiles et de leurs planètes éventuel

Étoile

vignette|Le Soleil, l’étoile la plus proche de la Terre, vu lors d'une éruption en ultraviolets avec de fausses couleurs. Une étoile est un corps céleste plasmatique qui rayonne sa propre lumière par