Construction durable

Résumé

Lécoconstruction ou construction durable est la création, la restauration, la rénovation ou la réhabilitation d'un bâtiment en lui permettant de respecter au mieux l'écologie à chaque étape de la construction, et plus tard, de son utilisation (chauffage, consommation d'énergie, rejet des divers flux : eau, déchets). Cette notion, apparue à la fin des années 1940 cherche aussi à intégrer le plus respectueusement possible le bâti dans le milieu naturel en utilisant au mieux des ressources peu transformées, locales, saines, et dans le milieu urbain, de travail ou rural en favorisant les liens sociaux. Une écoconstruction vise à consommer peu d'énergie pour le chauffage et l'eau chaude. Sa conception bioclimatique et la composition de ses parois lui permettent de consommer le moins possible d'énergies d'appoint, optimisant les apports solaires, les déphasages et une ventilation bien dimensionnée. Notons qu'une maison BBC (bâtiment basse consommation) ou HQE (haute qualité environnementa

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_durable

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The usability of green building rating systems in hot arid climates: A case study in Siwa, Egypt

Shady Galal Mohamed Attia

In the last three years there has been a proliferation of regional building rating systems across the Middle East. Most those emerging rating systems and labels imitate the British and American rating systems BREEAM and LEED that emerge from an impact reduction paradigm. Thus they are neglecting the local historic, climatic, economic, technological, cultural and social context. This paper presents two case studies of a recently constructed ecolodges in Siwa, Egypt, that performs beyond the existing rating systems requirements. The paper illustrates the environmental and sustainability design strategies adapted to El-Babinshal and Adrère Amellal buildings’ context. In this study, various design strategies are surveyed and their response to climate, occupants and society is evaluated. The paper presents a set of sustainability principles addressing (1) the site, (2) water, (3) energy, (4) resources, (5) comfort, (6) heritage and (7) social responsibility. In addition, the building is examined across the environmental criteria of LEED, Estidama and the Egyptian Green Pyramid Rating System. Results showed that the building failed to comply with the three rating systems despite winning the Egyptian Hassan Fathy Award for environmental design. The paper elaborates on this conflict and presents recommendations to improve the questioned rating systems and support architects with the principles and strategies for sustainable design.

2013

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Gas Sampling Using Convection and Humidity Stabilization to Improve Point Gas Sensor Responses

Emily Ann Hammes

Many diseases including sick building syndrome, respiratory problems and cancers can be caused by exposure to high concentrations of toxins commonly used in modern building materials, paints, glues and furniture. To minimize exposure to these toxins, it is important to have air exchange with the outside environment. However, this is usually not energy efficient because the air must be heated or cooled. The purpose of the Intasense project was to resolve this problem by creating an air quality monitor which could determine the current quality of air within the building. This information would then be used to control the ventilation system within an energy efficient building. The purpose of this Ph.D. thesis was both to build a system which could be used to test and calibrate sensors used in the air quality monitor as well as to build its final fluidic platform. During this thesis, three fluidic platforms which include a humidity buffering system were designed, tested and constructed. The first platform was used to test an electrochemical sensor or metal oxide sensor in the laboratory. The second and third platforms held three electrochemical or metal oxide sensors, respectively. They are able to deliver equal quantities of gas to the sensors simultaneously. To date, the multisensor metal oxide platform has been used to create two versions of the Intasense Demonstrator and used to calibrate novel and commercial gas sensors. In both of these applications simultaneous delivery of equal quantities of the sample gas are required for optimal gas sensor signal processing: equal quantities are required so that the amount of analyte in contact with each sensor is the same and simultaneous delivery allows all three sensors to respond concurrently. This was achieved by creating a computational model of gas flow through the system, conducting a parameter sweep and then selecting the optimal set. To confirm that the model and machine error were not significant, a Latin square design was used to test the platform. This test showed that gas delivery to each channel was equal within statistical boundaries. Another major challenge was buffering humidity fluctuations without loss of analyte gas. This was necessary because metal oxide gas sensors are also sensitive to humidity fluctuations. To prevent a false positive caused by a rapid humidity increase, a reversible adsorbent was placed upstream of the gas sensors. However, there was concern that the adsorbent may remove analyte gasses. To optimize the tradeoff between humidity buffering and loss or delay of analyte signal, a computational model of adsorption and desorption of gasses within the filtration system was developed. It was experimentally tested using benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide. To date ten platforms have been delivered to laboratories throughout Europe. Three are being used to test and calibrate gas sensors. The rest have been used to create demonstrators of the Intasense Air Quality Monitor.

EPFL2016

Chargement

People spend around 90 percent of their time indoors (home, oce, transportation) in developed countries [1]. This means a long exposure to indoor conditions that have higher concentrations of pollutants compared to outdoors. This exposure can aect the well-being, performance and health of the occupants, making indoor environments even more important. On the other hand, the design and operation of buildings need energy. Following the oil crisis in 1974, building envelopes were aimed to be more air tight to decrease the energy consumption for heating and cooling. In addition to the economic costs, according to International Energy Agency (IEA), building sector is responsible for almost forty percent of energy-related CO2 emissions worldwide [2]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report by UN body stresses the importance of evolving to greater sustainability in land, energy, buildings and cities to reach the reduced CO2 levels in order to limit global warming by 1.5°C [3]. With increasing concerns about environment and global warming, decreasing the energy intensity of the building operations became a goal. As a result, creating comfortable indoor environments with less energy demand became a hot topic and green building certications were promoted. While environmental concerns led to focusing on the energy and water conservation, the indoor environmental quality and health aspects of green buildings were less recognized [4]. The green building certications had their sections related to occupant health and well-being, but recently there has been a prioritization of human health relative to the energy consumption. The companies understand that the cost of workers is higher than the cost of energy. In a company, 90% of operating costs is salary/benets of sta, 9% is rental costs and only 1% is energy [5]. A study done in Harvard School of Public Health shows that elevated CO2 levels result in a 50% decrease in cognitive function [6]. In addition, a lack of fresh air is shown to cause 35% of total absenteeism in a company [7]. In relation to these aspects, WELL certication is a new rating system that focuses on occupant health and wellness through design and operation of buildings. However, no studies were done so far to see its eectiveness. This study was designed to address this knowledge gap. It is the rst cohort study done in WELL buildings. The project aims to compare the satisfaction levels, productivity and SBS symptoms with an online indoor environmental quality (IEQ) survey done in non-WELL and WELL buildings.

2020

Chargement

Gas Sampling Using Convection and Humidity Stabilization to Improve Point Gas Sensor Responses

Emily Ann Hammes

EPFL2016

2020