Black carbonChemically, black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter). Black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked forms. It is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, and is one of the main types of particle in both anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot. Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality. Because of these human health impacts, many countries have worked to reduce their emissions, making it an easy pollutant to abate in anthropogenic sources.
Science du système Terrevignette|La biosphère comme un système unique des autres systèmes. L'écosphère, ou système du Vivant, est au centre. La science du système Terre, en anglais Earth system science, est une discipline scientifique intégrant diverses études académiques dans le but de comprendre la Terre, considérée comme un système et constituée de l'atmosphère, de l'hydrosphère, de la lithosphère et de la biosphère. Le nom de géophysiologie, proposée par James Lovelock, y est synonyme.
Outline of meteorologyIndex of meteorology articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the field of Meteorology. Meteorology The interdisciplinary, scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere with the primary focus being to understand, explain, and forecast weather events. Meteorology, is applied to and employed by a wide variety of diverse fields, including the military, energy production, transport, agriculture, and construction. Meteorology Climate – the average and variations of weather in a region over long periods of time.