Profit

Résumé

Le profit est le gain financier obtenu d'une opération économique : typiquement, la différence entre le revenu de la vente d'un produit et le coût de sa production en investissement de capital et salaires versés ; mais l'intérêt obtenu d'un prêt est rarement inclus dans la notion de profit puisqu'il est partie intégrante du coût de l'investissement en capital. Selon l'étendue que l'on donne à la notion, il peut s'agir également d'un gain commercial ou encore du revenu de la location pour le propriétaire d'un bien immobilier ou d'équipement. Cela correspond, historiquement, plus au moins à la part de fructus (le fruit au sens de revenu) dans l'usufruit hérité du droit romain, par opposition au simple usage et ou droit de disposer d'un bien. En finance, le profit est présenté comme la récompense du risque pris par les détenteurs des capitaux lorsqu'ils les investissent dans des opérations comportant une part plus ou moins grande d'aléatoire. On distingue la notion plus technique de profit économique qui correspond à un profit comptable duquel sont soustraits les coûts d'opportunité.On distingue également le profit dit "normal" (rémunération de l'entrepreneur selon le marché) du "super profit" (rente liée à des conditions particulières). Pour les économistes classiques, la baisse sur le long terme du taux de profit semble être la règle d'une économie se dirigeant vers la prospérité et un état qualifié de stationnaire. Sous la pression de la concurrence, les prix courants du marché sont ramenés à la valeur-coût des produits. Ainsi, le profit devrait être conduit à diminuer, sinon à disparaître. Selon Adam Smith : « L'accroissement du capital qui élève les salaires, tend à diminuer les profits. Quand les capitaux de beaucoup de riches marchands sont engagés dans le même type d'activité, leur concurrence mutuelle tend naturellement à diminuer leur profit; et lorsqu'il y a une augmentation semblable dans toutes les activités qui sont menées au sein de la société, la même concurrence doit produire le même effet sur l'ensemble.

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit

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Publications associées (3)

Concepts associés (40)

Cours associés (21)

Séances de cours associées (123)

MOOCs associés (2)

The embodied flow of built-up land in China?s interregional trade and its implications for regional carbon balance

Qinli Lu

Built-up land intensively concentrates human activities, and its area or the changes in its intensity dramatically affect the regional carbon balance. This study proposed a new framework to assess how in China, the interregional trade?s use of built-up land affects regional carbon balance with regard to the initial maintained land and the expanded built-up land. Then, a multiregional input-output model was used to simultaneously analyse China?s built-up land flow in interregional trade and the effect on carbon balance. Finally, hidden regional inequality was analysed. The results show that the domestic trade pulled indirect external built-up land use reached to 100286 km2 in 2012 and caused 28084 ? 104 t external province pulled carbon emissions for whole China, including 286 ? 104 t from vegetation carbon storage loss. Regionally, more developed regions were always net receivers of built-up land use, in contrast, less developed regions more frequently acted as net suppliers, but most regions experienced economic and environmental deficits. The majority of other provinces experienced a contradictory status of loss of economic profit or environmental profit. For sustainable development and regional equality, more developed regions should provide more economic and technological support for effective built-up land use and emissions reduction to less developed regions.

ELSEVIER2021

China’s construction industry-linked economy-resources-environment flow in international trade

Qinli Lu

During construction, a large number of resources are consumed; concurrently, a large amount of greenhouse gas is emitted, which contributes to air pollution. There exist close interactions among construction regions. This study examined the main economy-resources-environment indexes associated with China’s construction industry, embodied in international trade based on the Eora database, by using the input-output model. It investigated the linkages of the economy-resources-environment nexus and suggests recommendations accordingly. We found that the total amount of input consumption and output emissions in China’s construction activities increased rapidly, both locally and abroad. China pulled much more emissions from construction-related activities abroad than the latter pulled from China. The overseas regions’ dependence on China’s construction industry gradually increased. Overall, China’s construction activities accelerated the rate of foreign countries’ resource utilization and air pollution more than it did economic profits for some of these countries. The effects on countries differed. China’s construction industry was closely related to the Asian, African, and Latin American undeveloped regions. In regard to the developed regions, cooperation with Australia, the UK, Sweden and Russia was more frequent. There existed a close relationship between all the economy-resources-environment indexes. Based on the findings, protective measures were suggested, including avoiding unnecessary construction activities, optimizing China’s economic and energy use structure, improving the efficient use of resources, strengthening environmental protection both abroad and locally, as well as reducing the export of products with high energy or resources consumption.

2020

The objective of this master project is to develop model for the solar driven supercritical desalination plant. Furthermore we propose a possible system integration and examination of its performance in terms of energy and cost effectiveness. The model simulations and calculations are performed using Belsim Vali and in-house LENI developed program OSMOSE. Supercritical salt separation model was created based on the solubility models proposed by Leusbrock and research conducted by Khan and Rogak on salt mixture solubility. This allowed the creation of a salt separation model as a function of pressure and temperature in supercritical conditions. The proposed model is validated in certain range of pure water density and is characterized by 86% water recovery ratio for salts inlet concentration of 4%. During the simulation, a reactor was operated in fixed temperature of 660 K and 221 bar in order to fulfill potable water requirements in terms of TDS value. The simulations results show that through integration of recompression and steam network, a significant improvement in terms of energy usage and cost incurred can be obtain. Steam network integration with double steam step allows to eliminate electricity requirements and increase the exergy efficiency to 3.16%. The majority cost of the system is caused by the investment in the solar system due to linear behavior of costing function for solar installations. It is shown that 75% of overall investment cost is intended for hot utility. However, it was found that profitability can be obtain when secondary products income are taken into account. By possibility of selling industry salts that are separated in the reactor, it is possible to obtain cost of 0.96 CHF per cubic meter of generated potable water. Moreover, to achieve higher economic performance and fresh water recovery ratio hybrid, the “Reverse Osmosis – Supercritical Desalination Plant” system was investigated. It was found that joining two technologies led to significant economic savings together with drastic increase in water recovery ratio up to 91%. This shows that proposed integration not only increased profitability of the installation, but also increased water recovery ratio. Thus showing promising perspectives for possible future desalination systems.

2013