PhraseEn grammaire, une phrase peut être considérée comme un ensemble autonome, réunissant des unités syntaxiques organisées selon différents réseaux de relations plus ou moins complexes appelés subordination, coordination ou juxtaposition. D'un point de vue acoustique ou visuel, cependant (c'est-à-dire, aussi bien à l'oral qu'à l'écrit), la phrase apparaît comme une succession de mots (de même qu'un train apparaît comme une succession de wagons).
PseudogappingPseudogapping is an ellipsis mechanism that elides most but not all of a non-finite verb phrase; at least one part of the verb phrase remains, which is called the remnant. Pseudogapping occurs in comparative and contrastive contexts, so it appears often after subordinators and coordinators such as if, although, but, than, etc. It is similar to verb phrase ellipsis (VP-ellipsis) insofar as the ellipsis is introduced by an auxiliary verb, and many grammarians take it to be a particular type of VP-ellipsis.
ExtrapositionExtraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting, which does not generate a discontinuity. The extraposed constituent is separated from its governor by one or more words that dominate its governor. Two types of extraposition are acknowledged in theoretical syntax: standard cases where extraposition is optional and it-extraposition where extraposition is obligatory.
Endocentric and exocentricIn theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. A grammatical construction (for instance, a phrase or compound) is said to be endocentric if it fulfils the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s, who based it on terms by Pāṇini and Patañjali in Sanskrit grammar. Such a distinction is possible only in phrase structure grammars (constituency grammars), since in dependency grammars all constructions are necessarily endocentric.
GrammaticalitéLa grammaticalité est un concept formé au début des années 1960, qui désigne le caractère d'un énoncé conforme à la grammaire descriptive d'une langue. Son contraire est l’agrammaticalité. Pour Noam Chomsky, la notion de grammaticalité s'oppose à l'acceptabilité, cette dernière reposant sur le sentiment subjectif des locuteurs sur le caractère envisageable ou non d'une phrase.
