OsmoseL'osmose est le phénomène de diffusion de la matière caractérisé par le passage de molécules de solvant d'une solution vers une autre à travers la membrane semi-perméable qui sépare ces deux solutions dont les concentrations en soluté sont différentes ; le transfert global de solvant se fait alors de la solution la moins concentrée (milieu hypotonique) vers la solution la plus concentrée (milieu hypertonique) jusqu'à l'équilibre (milieux isotoniques).
Peak waterPeak water is a concept that underlines the growing constraints on the availability, quality, and use of freshwater resources. Peak water was defined in 2010 by Peter Gleick and Meena Palaniappan. They distinguish between peak renewable, peak non-renewable, and peak ecological water to demonstrate the fact that although there is a vast amount of water on the planet, sustainably managed water is becoming scarce. Lester R.
Serre à eau de merLa serre à eau de mer est une technique qui permet la croissance des cultures dans les zones arides, en utilisant un serre, l'eau de mer et de l'énergie solaire. La technique implique le pompage de l'eau de mer (ou son débit par gravitation quand on est sous le niveau de la mer) dans un endroit aride et à l'utiliser pour refroidir et humidifier l'air. L'eau produite par le chauffage solaire de vapeur est alors condensée pour produire de l'eau.
Membrane hémi-perméableSemipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability.
Flash evaporationFlash evaporation (or partial evaporation) is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations. If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel so that the flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to as a flash drum.
Countercurrent exchangeCountercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.
Protection de l'eauvignette|redresse=1.5|Économies d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre associées à différents changements de mode de vie (en kg équivalent par an). Les équipements qui allègent la consommation d'eau permettent de réduire l'empreinte carbone (liée au captage, au transport de l'eau, à l'entretien des réseaux des eaux usés, etc.). La protection de l'eau est l'effort humain de garder l'eau. Il faut garder l'équilibre écologique. Les océans et d'autres eaux sont touchées par la pollution. L'acidification des océans a lieu.
Water industryThe water industry provides drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage treatment) to residential, commercial, and industrial sectors of the economy. Typically public utilities operate water supply networks. The water industry does not include manufacturers and suppliers of bottled water, which is part of the beverage production and belongs to the food sector. The water industry includes water engineering, operations, water and wastewater plant construction, equipment supply and specialist water treatment chemicals, among others.
Saline water_Salt water Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride). On the United States Geological Survey (USGS) salinity scale, saline water is saltier than brackish water, but less salty than brine. The salt concentration is usually expressed in parts per thousand (permille, ‰) and parts per million (ppm). The USGS salinity scale defines three levels of saline water. The salt concentration in slightly saline water is 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.
Prélèvement d'eauvignette|Une usine de prélèvement d'eau le long de la rivière Dove près d'Egginton. Le prélèvement d'eau, peut être effectué par extraction des eaux souterraines, pompage des eaux de surface continentales (cours d'eau, plans d'eau) ou de transition (estuaire par exemple) que ce soit de façon temporaire ou permanente. Au niveau mondial, 19 % des prélèvements d’eau proviennent de l’industrie et 70 % des chaînes d’approvisionnement agricoles.
