Vasconic substrate hypothesisThe Vasconic substrate hypothesis is a proposal that several Western European languages contain remnants of an old language family of Vasconic languages, of which Basque is the only surviving member. The proposal was made by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, but has been rejected by other linguists. According to Vennemann, Vasconic languages were once widespread on the European continent before they were mostly replaced by Indo-European languages. Relics of these languages include toponyms across Central and Western Europe.
Paleo-European languagesThe Paleo-European languages, or Old European languages, are the mostly unknown languages that were spoken in Europe prior to the spread of the Indo-European and Uralic families caused by the Bronze Age invasion from the Eurasian steppe of pastoralists whose descendant languages dominate the continent today. Today, the vast majority of European populations speak Indo-European languages, but until the Bronze Age, it was the opposite, with Paleo-European languages of non-Indo-European affiliation dominating the linguistic landscape of Europe.
Linguistic homelandIn historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (ˈʊərhaɪmɑːt, from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages. A proto-language is the reconstructed or historically-attested parent language of a group of languages that are genetically related. Depending on the age of the language family under consideration, its homeland may be known with near-certainty (in the case of historical or near-historical migrations) or it may be very uncertain (in the case of deep prehistory).
Stratum (linguistics)In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate is a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige.
Proto-germaniquethumb|Foyer proto-germanique, v. 500 av. J.-C. : le groupe nordique au nord (rouge) et la culture de Jastorf au sud (magenta). Le proto-germanique ou germanique commun est la reconstruction de la langue parlée à l’origine par les peuples germaniques, alors qu'ils se trouvaient concentrés dans le nord de l'Europe entre 750 av. J.-C. et 300 . On postule normalement deux époques, l'une primitive jusqu'en l'an 1 et l'autre tardive entre 1 et 300 Cette dernière a donné naissance aux langues germaniques, réparties en trois sous-ensembles, en raison de la fragmentation qui s'est opérée par la suite : le germanique de l'Est, le germanique de l'Ouest et le germanique du Nord.
