Community (ecology)In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage. The term community has a variety of uses. In its simplest form it refers to groups of organisms in a specific place or time, for example, "the fish community of Lake Ontario before industrialization".
MacroecologyMacroecology is the subfield of ecology that deals with the study of relationships between organisms and their environment at large spatial scales to characterise and explain statistical patterns of abundance, distribution and diversity. The term was coined in a small monograph published in Spanish in 1971 by Guillermo Sarmiento and Maximina Monasterio, two Venezuelan researchers working in tropical savanna ecosystems and later used by James Brown of the University of New Mexico and Brian Maurer of Michigan State University in a 1989 paper in Science.
Espècevignette| redresse=1.2| L'espèce est l'unité de base de la classification du vivant. Dans les sciences du vivant, l’espèce (du latin species, « type » ou « apparence ») est le taxon de base de la systématique. La définition la plus communément admise est celle du concept biologique : une espèce est un ensemble d'individus qui peuvent effectivement ou potentiellement se reproduire entre eux et engendrer une descendance viable et féconde, dans des conditions naturelles.
