A cell type is a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features. A multicellular organism may contain cells of a number of widely differing and specialized cell types, such as muscle cells and skin cells, that differ both in appearance and function yet have identical genomic sequences. Cells may have the same genotype, but belong to different cell types due to the differential regulation of the genes they contain. Classification of a specific cell type is often done through the use of microscopy (such as those from the cluster of differentiation family that are commonly used for this purpose in immunology). Recent developments in single cell RNA sequencing facilitated classification of cell types based on shared gene expression patterns. This has led to the discovery of many new cell types in e.g. mouse cortex, hippocampus, dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord.
Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared
with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protists. The exact number of cell types is, however, undefined, and the Cell Ontology, as of 2021, lists over 2,300 different cell types.
All higher multicellular organisms contain cells specialised for different functions. Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development. Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues (such as cell–cell interaction) and intrinsic differences (such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division). Multicellular organisms are composed of cells that fall into two fundamental types: germ cells and somatic cells. During development, somatic cells will become more specialized and form the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. After formation of the three germ layers, cells will continue to specialize until they reach a terminally differentiated state that is much more resistant to changes in cell type than its progenitors.
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vignette|Croquis d'un embryon de poulet, tiré des Contributions à la croissance du poussin dans l’œuf, de Chr.-H. von Pander. Un feuillet embryonnaire est un groupe de cellules produit durant l'embryogenèse des métazoaires. Cette notion a été introduite en 1828 par Chr.-H. von Pander (1794-1865) et K.-E. vo Baer pour expliquer les analogies qu'ils avaient mises en évidence dans le développement pré-natal de différentes espèces animales.
A cell type is a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features. A multicellular organism may contain cells of a number of widely differing and specialized cell types, such as muscle cells and skin cells, that differ both in appearance and function yet have identical genomic sequences. Cells may have the same genotype, but belong to different cell types due to the differential regulation of the genes they contain.
alt=|vignette|221x221px|Schéma de blastocyste Le (du grec (blastos) signifiant « germe, bourgeon » et (kystis) pour « vessie ») est un stade du développement embryonnaire précoce des mammifères (d'une durée de 5 à 7 jours chez l'être humain), au cours duquel coexistent les cellules périphériques, appelées cellules du trophectoderme (ou trophoblaste), à l'origine des structures extra-embryonnaires comme le placenta ou le cordon ombilical, et des cellules de la masse interne, qui forment le bouton embryonnair
The course introduces students to a synthesis of modern neuroscience and state-of-the-art data management, modelling and computing technologies with a focus on the biophysical level.
Machine learning and data analysis are becoming increasingly central in sciences including physics. In this course, fundamental principles and methods of machine learning will be introduced and practi
Explore la caractérisation des types de cellules en fonction de diverses modalités et du domaine évolutif du séquençage de l'ARN unicellulaire en neurosciences.
Explore les défis dans l'isolement des cellules intactes, l'expression différentielle entre les transcriptomes nucléaires et les transcriptomes cellulaires entiers, et l'identification des types de cellules transcriptomiques.
Explore les caractéristiques histologiques du col de l'utérus, y compris les couches épithéliales, les structures glandulaires et les composants vasculaires.
This course aims for a mechanistic description of mammalian brain function at the level of individual nerve cells and their synaptic interactions.
This course aims for a mechanistic description of mammalian brain function at the level of individual nerve cells and their synaptic interactions.
Understanding the brain requires an integrated understanding of different scales of organisation of the brain. This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) will take the you through the latest data, models
In this thesis, we present a data-driven iterative pipeline to generate, simulate and validate point-neuron models of the whole mouse brain. The ultimate goal is to replicate close loop experiments wi
Activin-A, a transforming growth factor êµ family member, is a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse functions in development, fertility, adult tissue homeostasis, and aging. Accordingly, deregulation of
Targeting cells specific to type and state remains a challenge in developing effective therapies, sensitive diagnostics, also robust and versatile tissue engineering. A promising strategy is to focuse