Fusion par confinement magnétique

Magnetic confinement fusion is an approach to generate thermonuclear fusion power that uses magnetic fields to confine fusion fuel in the form of a plasma. Magnetic confinement is one of two major branches of fusion energy research, along with inertial confinement fusion. The magnetic approach began in the 1940s and absorbed the majority of subsequent development. Fusion reactions combine light atomic nuclei such as hydrogen to form heavier ones such as helium, producing energy. In order to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between the nuclei, they must have a temperature of tens of millions of degrees, creating a plasma. In addition, the plasma must be contained at a sufficient density for a sufficient time, as specified by the Lawson criterion (triple product). Magnetic confinement fusion attempts to use the electrical conductivity of the plasma to contain it through interaction with magnetic fields. The magnetic pressure offsets the plasma pressure. Developing a suitable arrangement of fields that contain the fuel without excessive turbulence or leaking is the primary challenge of this technology. The development of magnetic fusion energy (MFE) came in three distinct phases. In the 1950s it was believed MFE would be relatively easy to achieve, setting off a race to build a suitable machine. By the late 1950s, it was clear that plasma turbulence and instabilities were problematic, and during the 1960s, "the doldrums", the effort turned to a better understanding of plasma physics. In 1968, a Soviet team invented the tokamak magnetic confinement device, which demonstrated performance ten times better than alternatives and became the preferred approach. Construction of a 500-MW power generating fusion plant using this design, the ITER, began in France in 2007. Its most recent schedule is for it to begin operation in 2025. When fuel is injected into a fusion reactor, powerful "rogue" waves might be created that can cause it to escape confinement. These waves can reduce the efficiency or even stop the fusion reaction.

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ITER

Le réacteur thermonucléaire expérimental international, ou ITER (acronyme de l'anglais International thermonuclear experimental reactor, également mot latin signifiant « chemin » ou « voie »), est un projet international de réacteur nucléaire de recherche civil à fusion nucléaire de type tokamak, situé à proximité immédiate du centre d’études nucléaires de Cadarache à Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Le projet de recherche s'inscrit dans une démarche à long terme visant à l'industrialisation de la fusion nucléaire.

Résonance cyclotron

La résonance cyclotron électronique (ECR pour electron cyclotron resonance) est un phénomène observé aussi bien en physique des plasmas qu'en physique de la matière condensée. Un électron dans un champ magnétique statique et uniforme se déplace sur un cercle en raison de la force de Lorentz. Le mouvement circulaire peut être superposé à un mouvement uniforme axial, résultant en une hélice, ou avec un mouvement uniforme perpendiculaire au champ, par exemple, en présence d'un champ électrique ou gravitationnel, résultant en une cycloïde.

Reversed field pinch

A reversed-field pinch (RFP) is a device used to produce and contain near-thermonuclear plasmas. It is a toroidal pinch which uses a unique magnetic field configuration as a scheme to magnetically confine a plasma, primarily to study magnetic confinement fusion. Its magnetic geometry is somewhat different from that of the more common tokamak. As one moves out radially, the portion of the magnetic field pointing toroidally reverses its direction, giving rise to the term reversed field.

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Nuclear fusion using magnetic confinement, in particular in the tokamak configuration, is a promising path towards sustainable energy. A core challenge is to shape and maintain a high-temperature plas

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Turbulent transport regimes in the tokamak boundary

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Model-based optimization of magnetic control in the TCV tokamak: design and experiments

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